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Esquematização da prova penal : modelos teóricos
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A presente dissertação analisa os modelos teóricos que agem sobre a prova penal, para então responder até que ponto estes podem ser considerados instrumentos úteis ao intérprete e admitidos pelo Direito. Como metodologia de investigação, inicialmente analisou-se os conceitos que a doutrina oferece sobre modelo teórico e alguns aspectos normativos sobre a sua aplicação; dentre as variadas definições conceituais, a investigação focou na ideia de representação fenomenológica da prova por uma estrutura formal (“objeto-modelo”) que permite agir sobre o processo de inferência, através de domínios racionais especializados, a exemplo de: (i) argumentacional-atomístico, que abarca a ideia de conflito entre os argumentos, sugerindo uma analise atomística voltada à ponderação de cada evidência; (ii) juízo de probabilidade, tradicionalmente utilizado pelo teorema bayesiano, através da estrutura de “árvore invertida”, como instrumento de aferição das premissas empíricas; (iii) narrativa e (iv) conexionista, que sugerem uma análise ampliada sobre a prova, e as abordagens (iv) moderada, proposta por Susan Haack como alternativa para fundir as correntes epistemológicas e (v) integrada, voltada também à união destas com o acréscimo do juízo de probabilidade, sugerida recentemente por Bex e outros, através de uma estrutura mais simples. Por fim, discute-se a possibilidade de transposição à realidade do sistema continental, ponderando a diferença de estruturação baseada nas discussões envolvendo os diversos ônus probatório, tal qual se verifica na prática anglo saxã, para com o procedimento estruturado a partir dos elementos do delito, a exemplo da metodologia de imputação adoptada pelo sistema fundado na matriz romano-germânica de direitos. Diante do conteúdo investigado, depreende-se que os modelos teóricos analisados não estão totalmente adaptados a algumas práticas e conceitos teóricos do sistema jurídico continental, e por isso sua aplicação, neste primeiro momento, precisa de alguns ajustes, conservando a autonomia do Direito, sem deixar de aproveitar do potencial prático dessas ferramentas de auxílio.
This dissertation focuses on the study of theoretical models of evidence, to then answer if (and in what extent) these instruments can be considered useful in criminal justice. Initially, the concept of theoretical model is presented, approaching its pragmatic nature and its relationship with the rational movement of criminal evidence, to then weave some normative considerations about its application. The epistemological currents of some models are also analyzed. As an example of: (i) narrative models, which aims at an expanded analysis of evidence, based on conflict between the proposed narratives, using the degrees of coherence as a criterion for choosing the best inference; (ii) argumentational-atomistic, which brings the idea of conflict between arguments, suggesting an atomistic analysis aimed at weighing each evidential argument; (iii) probability judgment, traditionally used by the Bayesian theorem, through the “inverted tree” structure, as an instrument for gauging empirical premises; and the approaches (iv) moderate, proposed by Susan Haack as an alternative viewpoint that merge the antipodes epistemological currents, and (v) integrated, also aimed at their union, but with the addition of probability judgment, recently suggested by Bex and others, and through a simpler structure (i.e. infographics). Finally, we discuss the possibility of these models been transposed to continental law, considering some differences of legal approach, if compared to common law, such as the discussions involving the various types of burdens, as has been developed in common law system, to the structured procedure from the elements of crime, as established on continental law. Considering the hole investigation, we can infer that theoretical models of proof are not fully adapted to some practices and concepts defined by continental law, and therefore their application, at this first moment, needs some adjustments, to preserve the autonomy of law system, without abdicate the practical potential of these auxiliary tools.
This dissertation focuses on the study of theoretical models of evidence, to then answer if (and in what extent) these instruments can be considered useful in criminal justice. Initially, the concept of theoretical model is presented, approaching its pragmatic nature and its relationship with the rational movement of criminal evidence, to then weave some normative considerations about its application. The epistemological currents of some models are also analyzed. As an example of: (i) narrative models, which aims at an expanded analysis of evidence, based on conflict between the proposed narratives, using the degrees of coherence as a criterion for choosing the best inference; (ii) argumentational-atomistic, which brings the idea of conflict between arguments, suggesting an atomistic analysis aimed at weighing each evidential argument; (iii) probability judgment, traditionally used by the Bayesian theorem, through the “inverted tree” structure, as an instrument for gauging empirical premises; and the approaches (iv) moderate, proposed by Susan Haack as an alternative viewpoint that merge the antipodes epistemological currents, and (v) integrated, also aimed at their union, but with the addition of probability judgment, recently suggested by Bex and others, and through a simpler structure (i.e. infographics). Finally, we discuss the possibility of these models been transposed to continental law, considering some differences of legal approach, if compared to common law, such as the discussions involving the various types of burdens, as has been developed in common law system, to the structured procedure from the elements of crime, as established on continental law. Considering the hole investigation, we can infer that theoretical models of proof are not fully adapted to some practices and concepts defined by continental law, and therefore their application, at this first moment, needs some adjustments, to preserve the autonomy of law system, without abdicate the practical potential of these auxiliary tools.
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Direito penal Modelos teóricos Prova penal Teses de mestrado - 2023