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Tecno-tipologia lítica e cronometria no Mesolítico final do vale do Sado o caso do concheiro das Amoreiras (Alcacer do Sal)
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O concheiro das Amoreiras (Alcácer do Sal) tem sido tradicionalmente integrado nas
discussões sobre o processo de Neolitização do Sul de Portugal, fruto da atribuição de um
carácter cronológico “recente” no complexo de concheiros do vale do Sado, que o tornava
susceptível de conservar testemunhos de interacções entre grupos de caçadores-recolectores
e os primeiros produtores de alimentos. Em grande medida, essas ilações decorriam da
presença de cerâmica cardial nos seus níveis estratigráficos inferiores, enquadrados
culturalmente no Mesolítico, de datas de radiocarbono consideradas avançadas e de uma
indústria lítica sumariamente caracterizada pela abundância de segmentos, grupo tipológico
de geométricos de origem tida como tardia no Sudoeste Peninsular. No entanto, a datação do
“esqueleto 5” de Amoreiras e a evidência de uma ocupação funerária enquadrável no início do
Mesolítico final permitiu reabrir o debate sobre as atribuições crono-culturais deste sítio. O
caso do concheiro das Amoreiras revelou-se, assim, um interessante ponto de partida para a
análise da difícil relação entre os dados da cultura material e da cronologia absoluta
provenientes dos concheiros do Sado.
Desta forma, a dissertação que aqui se apresenta objectivou uma análise tecnológica e
tipológica da indústria lítica do concheiro das Amoreiras, resultante das intervenções
arqueológicas de Manuel Heleno decorridas em meados do século XX, que se encontrava
caracterizada de forma preliminar. Por sua vez, procurou-se enquadrar o estudo dos
materiais líticos numa perspectiva diacrónica e cultural, comparando os dados obtidos com
os provenientes de conjuntos líticos de outros sítios do Mesolítico final e Neolítico antigo do
Sudoeste Peninsular. Esta perspectiva foi complementada por uma observação crítica dos
dados das cronologias absolutas disponíveis para Amoreiras e os restantes concheiros do
vale do Sado, quanto à sua fiabilidade e significado cronológico, tarefa que se constituía
imperativa pela escassez de dados da cronologia relativa que permitissem contextualizar os
dados da cultura material.
Abstract: The shell midden of Amoreiras (Alcácer do Sal) has been traditionally integrated in several discussions about the Neolitization process in Southern Portugal, due to the attribution of a “recent” chronological character in the shell middens complex of the Sado valley. This situation has turned Amoreiras into a probable place of interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups and the first agropastoralist communities. These assumptions emerged largely from the presence of cardial pottery in the lower levels of stratigraphy, culturally attributed to the Mesolithic, some late radiocarbon dates and a lithic industry briefly characterized by a majority of segments. It has been considered that the origin of this morphological type occurred in a later time in Southwest Iberia. Nevertheless, the radiocarbon date obtained from “skeleton 5” of Amoreiras and the evidence of a funerary occupation in the beginning of final Mesolithic opened the debate about the chronological and cultural framework of this site. The case of Amoreiras appeared to be an interesting point to start the analysis of the difficult relationship between material culture and chronological data from the Sado shell middens. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to provide a technological and typological analysis of the lithic industry of Amoreiras shell midden, recovered in the archaeological field works directed by Manuel Heleno, in mid-20th century, and subjected only to a preliminary characterization. On the other hand, it is intended to integrate the study of lithic remains in a diachronically and cultural perspective, by comparison with data from other Mesolithic and early Neolithic sites in Southwest Iberia. This view is complemented by a critical observation of the available data from absolute chronology for Amoreiras and other shell middens of the Sado valley, in respect to its reliability and chronological significance. This is considered an imperative task, taking into account the lack of relative chronology data able to provide a context to the material data.
Abstract: The shell midden of Amoreiras (Alcácer do Sal) has been traditionally integrated in several discussions about the Neolitization process in Southern Portugal, due to the attribution of a “recent” chronological character in the shell middens complex of the Sado valley. This situation has turned Amoreiras into a probable place of interactions between Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups and the first agropastoralist communities. These assumptions emerged largely from the presence of cardial pottery in the lower levels of stratigraphy, culturally attributed to the Mesolithic, some late radiocarbon dates and a lithic industry briefly characterized by a majority of segments. It has been considered that the origin of this morphological type occurred in a later time in Southwest Iberia. Nevertheless, the radiocarbon date obtained from “skeleton 5” of Amoreiras and the evidence of a funerary occupation in the beginning of final Mesolithic opened the debate about the chronological and cultural framework of this site. The case of Amoreiras appeared to be an interesting point to start the analysis of the difficult relationship between material culture and chronological data from the Sado shell middens. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is to provide a technological and typological analysis of the lithic industry of Amoreiras shell midden, recovered in the archaeological field works directed by Manuel Heleno, in mid-20th century, and subjected only to a preliminary characterization. On the other hand, it is intended to integrate the study of lithic remains in a diachronically and cultural perspective, by comparison with data from other Mesolithic and early Neolithic sites in Southwest Iberia. This view is complemented by a critical observation of the available data from absolute chronology for Amoreiras and other shell middens of the Sado valley, in respect to its reliability and chronological significance. This is considered an imperative task, taking into account the lack of relative chronology data able to provide a context to the material data.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2013
Palavras-chave
Mesolítico - Alentejo (Portugal) Neolítico antigo - Alentejo (Portugal) Concheiros - Amoreiras (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) Arqueologia - Datação Vestígios arqueológicos pré-históricos - Amoreiras (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) Teses de mestrado - 2013