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Direito antidiscriminação
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O tema do presente trabalho é Direito Antidiscriminatório. A pesquisa tem por objetivo esclarecer a fundamentalidade de um dado sistema jurídico antidiscriminatório para revelar quais são os elementos que contribuem para a sua formação. Por outro lado, o estudo permitiu estabelecer os contornos do seu âmbito de
valência e os elementos de ligação da sua pertença ao sistema jurídico mais geral que o acolhe. Isso significa dizer que o Direito Antidiscriminação é um subsistema que se encontra contido em um outro sistema jurídico maior e, esta relação se estabelece por dependência necessária entre ambos. As razões dessa dependência são explicadas pela vocação das normas jurídicas que são diferentes entre si, outra razão é a finalidade das
normas, também estas distintas e por último a função das normas, que logicamente, também são distintas. Assim, quando estas normas são agrupadas dentro de um sistema, passam a atender a designação política que as idealizou. A análise dogmático analítica relativamente a categoria jurídica discriminação demonstrou que quando o ato discriminatório se efetiva na realidade social, ele se caracteriza como uma forma de agressão às bases de proibição de discriminação, como são os casos de raça, sexo, religião, etc. A causa da agressão é um dos motivos que são ligados às bases de discriminação, estes motivos atraem discriminação, porque servem de base para o comportamento separatista, excludente, diferenciador entre pessoas ou grupos de pessoas.
A teoria que foi colocada em teste é a de Kaithan, que considera que uma norma de direito antidiscriminação necessita satisfazer quatro condições necessárias: - As condições pessoais: A norma em causa deve exigir alguma conexão entre a ação ou omissão proibidas, por um lado, e certos atributos ou características que as pessoas destinatárias dessa norma têm, que são os chamados de motivos, por outro lado. O conjunto desses motivos é aqui denominado bases de discriminação proibidas para o efeito erga omnes, referente à sociedade como um todo que está abrangida pela vigência da norma antidiscriminatória e bases de discriminação protegida para o efeito erga singuli, referente a pessoa ou a um grupo de pessoas, beneficiárias do direito
antidiscriminatório. As condições dos Grupos Cognatos: As bases protegidas devem ser capazes de classificar as pessoas em mais de uma classe de pessoas ou "grupos". A Condição da desvantagem Relativa: De todos os grupos definidos por uma determinada base na ordem universal, os membros de pelo menos um grupo deve ser significativamente mais propenso a sofrer permanente desvantagem substancial do que os membros de, pelo menos, um outro grupo cognato. A Condição da Distribuição Excêntrica: A norma que impõe um dever jurídico antidiscriminatório deve ser concebida de tal forma que seja suscetível de distribuir os benefícios tangíveis não remotos em questão para alguns, mas não todos, os membros do grupo beneficiário pretendido. Os resultados do teste apontam para o encontro das bases de discriminações proibidas positivadas nas três convenções com os elementos das descrições da teoria acima citada.
O plano jurídico escolhido para a investigação foi o dos sistemas das convenções internacionais específicas de direitos humanos internacionais regionais da Europa, das Américas e da África. A argumentação utilizada se ampara no foco aos princípios de direito que embasam e se alinham com a ideia construtivista de elementos estruturantes de uma teoria do Direito Antidiscriminação. A fundamentação teórica foi selecionada com a intenção de contribuir com essa mesma ideia construtivista e permeia toda a parte de teor descritivo do texto. A formulação do texto não tem, contudo, a magnitude de elaborar uma ideia acabada e integral da envergadura de uma teoria geral do Direito Antidiscriminação. Entretanto, os resultados da pesquisa permitem uma pequena contribuição para o esclarecimento dos conceitos de bases de discriminação e motivos de discriminação, inicialmente, separando-os em modelo de objeto jurídico (bases) que demanda proteção jurídica e modelos de causas factuais de agressões (motivos) àqueles objetos jurídicos.
A norma antidiscriminatória tem uma função de proteção dos direitos humanos e dentro desta perspectiva, a pesquisa busca, nas convenções internacionais de direitos humanos das américas, da Europa e africana, encontrar quais são as bases de discriminação proibidas que, esses sistemas de direito internacionais regionais, adotam para lhes conceder tal proteção e por quais princípios subjacentes pretendem, aquelas
bases de discriminações proibidas, atuar e quais são os reflexos das diferenças entre os três modelos. Os princípios subjacentes norteadores das bases de discriminações proibidas precisam ser entendidos primeiramente dogmaticamente e, num segundo momento, podem ser verificados sob o foco da sociologia jurídica. Dogmaticamente os princípios da igualdade e da dignidade das pessoas tem como quadro de referência a norma jurídica, é dizer: a igualdade das pessoas é percebida nos limites permissíveis da norma jurídica e destes não podem transpassar.
A pesquisa revelou ainda, que a cultura jurídica internacional levou a uma situação de reprodução de modelo antidiscriminatório, muito semelhantemente, refletida nos três modelos e, que quando cotejados com a realidade de cada continente, onde supostamente devem ser aplicadas as suas regras, é aí, neste contexto, que se apresentam as diferenças. Para reduzir essa conclusão numa máxima, se poderia dizer: a diferença não é de texto, mas, é de contexto.
A Convenção Europeia dos Direitos do Homem é o modelo mais adequado historicamente e tecnicamente, a servir como paradigma, para qualquer tipo de análise que seja conduzida sobre os modelos americano e africano. Essa foi uma das revelações da pesquisa, porquanto, a busca de suporte na doutrina e na jurisprudência, em termos qualitativos também estão associados ao modelo europeu, quer de forma nacional, quer de forma internacional. O contexto sociológico de cada continente no momento da criação das suas convenções tem influência relativa sobre o texto de cada documento. Não se percebe influência demasiada no caso do contexto das américas e ressalvados os casos particulares de alguns estados africanos, a influência parece ser insignificante. Essa percepção leva a constatação de que o desenvolvimento técnico científico do Direito Antidiscriminação ainda não é uma realidade de planejamento político estratégico, mas sim, uma atividade derivada de demandas sociológicas. Esta derivação de demandas sociológicas pode ser posta em graus de importância decrescente, para o desenvolvimento dos sistemas antidiscriminatórios a partir do
sistema americano e depois para o europeu, quanto ao sistema africano, segundo a doutrina, ainda incipiente, ainda não deslanchou a sua marcha desenvolvimentista, quer seja doutrinariamente, quer seja jurisprudencialmente.
As preocupações foram de ordem dogmática, sociológica e em algum nível filosófica, a doutrina brasileira acostumada com a chamada Teoria da Tridimensionalidade do Direito de Miguel Reale aconselha que o fenômeno jurídico deve ser conhecido por três diferentes planos, a saber: o fato, o valor e a norma; assim,
tendo em conta essa orientação foi considerado que a discriminação é um fato social real, a dignidade da pessoa humana é um valor moral evidentemente de inerência a ela mesma e a norma anti discriminatória tem a função de proteger esse valor, contra as agressões vindas de terceiros. Essa sincronia entre os elementos citados quando funcionam harmonicamente, estão atendendo aos ideais de justiça social, quando não é assim, então entra em ação a justiça judicial, o que cria encargos para todos os envolvidos, tornando a vida mais difícil. O esclarecimento sobre o fenômeno jurídico permite a prevenção de conflitos sociais, logo, a função educacional da Ciência do Direito deve ser também oferecida ao domínio público, como mais uma forma de dar efetividade ao sistema jurídico positivado. Esta é uma das possibilidades da presente pesquisa.
The theme of this paper is anti-discriminatory law. The research aims to clarify the fundamentality of a given anti-discriminatory legal system to reveal what are the elements that contribute to its formation. On the other hand, the study established the contours of its valence scope and connection elements of their membership to the general legal system that hosts him. This means that the Anti-discrimination law is a subsystem that is contained in another larger legal system, and this relationship is established by a necessary dependence between them. The reasons for this dependence are explained by the simple reason of the legal rules are different, another reason is the purpose of the rules also are distinct and finally the function of rules, are also different. So when these standards are grouped within a system, start to meet the political appointment idealized. Analytical dogmatic analysis concerning legal category has showed that when the discriminatory act is effective done in social reality, it is characterized as a form of contravene the prohibition of discrimination bases, as in the case of race, sex, religion, etc. The cause of aggression is one of the reasons that are linked to the grounds of discrimination, those reasons attract discrimination because they serve as the basis for the separatist behaviour, exclusive, differentiating between people or groups of people. The Kaithan’s theory was put to in test, it considers that a standard antidiscrimination law needs to meet four necessary conditions: - Personal conditions: The standard in question shall require any connection between the action or prohibited omission, on the one hand and certain attributes or characteristics that persons of this standard are addressed, which are called reasons, on the other hand. All these reasons is referred to here as grounds of discrimination prohibited for the erga omnes effect, referring to society as a whole it falls within the validity of the anti-discrimination norm and protected grounds of discrimination for the purpose erga singuli concerning the person or a group of people, beneficiaries of anti-discriminatory law. Conditions Groups of Cognate: The protected bases must be able to classify people in more than one class of people or "groups". The relative disadvantage of Condition: In all groups defined by a given base in the universal sequence, members of at least one group must be significantly more likely to suffer permanent substantial disadvantage of members of at least one other cognate group. The condition of Eccentric Distribution: The rule imposing an anti-discriminatory legal duty must be designed in such a way that is likely to distribute non-remote tangible benefits in question for some, but not all, members of the intended target group. Test results point to the meeting of prohibited discrimination bases on the three conventions with the elements of the descriptions of the aforementioned theory. The legal form chosen for the research was the systems of specific international conventions to regional international human rights from the Europe, the America and Africa. The argument used to seek refuge in focus to the principles of law that support and align with the constructivist idea of structuring elements of a theory of Antidiscrimination Law. The theoretical foundation was selected with the intention of contributing to this very constructive idea and permeates every part of the descriptive text content. The wording of the text does not, however, the magnitude of drawing up a finished and complete idea of the extent of a general theory of Anti-discrimination Law. However, the survey results show a small contribution to the clarification of the concepts of discrimination grounds and motives of discrimination, initially separating them into legal Object Model (grounds) that requires legal protection and models of factual causes of aggression (motives) those legal objects. The anti-discrimination rules has a protective function of human rights and within this perspective, the research seeks in international conventions on human rights, find what are the prohibited grounds of discrimination that these regional international law systems, adopt to grant them such protection. In another hand, seeks for underlying principles which aim to protect those grounds of prohibited discrimination and what are the consequences of the differences between the three models. The underlying principles guiding the prohibited grounds of discrimination need to be first understood dogmatically and, secondly, can be checked from the perspective of legal sociology. Dogmatically the principles of equality and dignity of persons has as its frame of reference the rule of law, is about to say: the equality of is perceived in the permissible limits of the rule of law and these cannot cross. The survey also revealed that international legal culture led to a reproduction of anti-discriminatory model, very similarly, reflected in on the three models and, when collated with the reality of each continent, which are supposed to apply its rules, that's in this context, where differences arise. To reduce this conclusion at a maximum, one might say, the difference is not on the text, but is on the context. The European Convention on Human Rights is the most appropriate model historically and technically, to serve as a paradigm for any kind of analysis to be conducted on the American and African models. That was one of the revelations of the research, because, to support search in doctrine and jurisprudence, in qualitative terms are also associated with the European model, even whether national or international form. The sociological context of each continent at the time of creation of its conventions, has relative influence on the text of each document. It is not clear too much influence in the case of the context of the Americas and except for the particular cases of some African states, the influence seems to be insignificant. This insight leads to finding that technical and scientific development of the Anti-discrimination law is still not a strategic policy planning reality, but rather a derived activity of sociological demands. This derivation of sociological demands can be put into degrees of decreasing importance for the development of anti-discrimination systems from the American system and then to Europe, as the African system, according to the doctrine, still beginner, not yet kicked off its developmental march, either doctrinally, or jurisprudential. Concerns were dogmatic order, sociological, and some philosophical level, the Brazilian doctrine used to the call Miguel Reale’s Theory of three-dimensionality of Law in order to advise that the legal phenomenon should be known by three different plans, namely: the fact that the value and the norm; thus taking into account this guidance was considered that discrimination is a real social fact, the dignity of the human person is a moral value evidently inherent to itself and the anti-discrimination rule serves to protect that value against the coming aggressions. This synchrony between the elements cited when they work harmoniously, are catering to the ideals of social justice when it is not so, then calls for the judicial justice, which creates costs for all involved, making life more difficult. The clarification of the legal phenomenon allows the prevention of social conflicts, so the educational function of the science of law should also be offered to the public domain, as one more way to give effect to the legal system rules. This is one of the possibilities of this research.
The theme of this paper is anti-discriminatory law. The research aims to clarify the fundamentality of a given anti-discriminatory legal system to reveal what are the elements that contribute to its formation. On the other hand, the study established the contours of its valence scope and connection elements of their membership to the general legal system that hosts him. This means that the Anti-discrimination law is a subsystem that is contained in another larger legal system, and this relationship is established by a necessary dependence between them. The reasons for this dependence are explained by the simple reason of the legal rules are different, another reason is the purpose of the rules also are distinct and finally the function of rules, are also different. So when these standards are grouped within a system, start to meet the political appointment idealized. Analytical dogmatic analysis concerning legal category has showed that when the discriminatory act is effective done in social reality, it is characterized as a form of contravene the prohibition of discrimination bases, as in the case of race, sex, religion, etc. The cause of aggression is one of the reasons that are linked to the grounds of discrimination, those reasons attract discrimination because they serve as the basis for the separatist behaviour, exclusive, differentiating between people or groups of people. The Kaithan’s theory was put to in test, it considers that a standard antidiscrimination law needs to meet four necessary conditions: - Personal conditions: The standard in question shall require any connection between the action or prohibited omission, on the one hand and certain attributes or characteristics that persons of this standard are addressed, which are called reasons, on the other hand. All these reasons is referred to here as grounds of discrimination prohibited for the erga omnes effect, referring to society as a whole it falls within the validity of the anti-discrimination norm and protected grounds of discrimination for the purpose erga singuli concerning the person or a group of people, beneficiaries of anti-discriminatory law. Conditions Groups of Cognate: The protected bases must be able to classify people in more than one class of people or "groups". The relative disadvantage of Condition: In all groups defined by a given base in the universal sequence, members of at least one group must be significantly more likely to suffer permanent substantial disadvantage of members of at least one other cognate group. The condition of Eccentric Distribution: The rule imposing an anti-discriminatory legal duty must be designed in such a way that is likely to distribute non-remote tangible benefits in question for some, but not all, members of the intended target group. Test results point to the meeting of prohibited discrimination bases on the three conventions with the elements of the descriptions of the aforementioned theory. The legal form chosen for the research was the systems of specific international conventions to regional international human rights from the Europe, the America and Africa. The argument used to seek refuge in focus to the principles of law that support and align with the constructivist idea of structuring elements of a theory of Antidiscrimination Law. The theoretical foundation was selected with the intention of contributing to this very constructive idea and permeates every part of the descriptive text content. The wording of the text does not, however, the magnitude of drawing up a finished and complete idea of the extent of a general theory of Anti-discrimination Law. However, the survey results show a small contribution to the clarification of the concepts of discrimination grounds and motives of discrimination, initially separating them into legal Object Model (grounds) that requires legal protection and models of factual causes of aggression (motives) those legal objects. The anti-discrimination rules has a protective function of human rights and within this perspective, the research seeks in international conventions on human rights, find what are the prohibited grounds of discrimination that these regional international law systems, adopt to grant them such protection. In another hand, seeks for underlying principles which aim to protect those grounds of prohibited discrimination and what are the consequences of the differences between the three models. The underlying principles guiding the prohibited grounds of discrimination need to be first understood dogmatically and, secondly, can be checked from the perspective of legal sociology. Dogmatically the principles of equality and dignity of persons has as its frame of reference the rule of law, is about to say: the equality of is perceived in the permissible limits of the rule of law and these cannot cross. The survey also revealed that international legal culture led to a reproduction of anti-discriminatory model, very similarly, reflected in on the three models and, when collated with the reality of each continent, which are supposed to apply its rules, that's in this context, where differences arise. To reduce this conclusion at a maximum, one might say, the difference is not on the text, but is on the context. The European Convention on Human Rights is the most appropriate model historically and technically, to serve as a paradigm for any kind of analysis to be conducted on the American and African models. That was one of the revelations of the research, because, to support search in doctrine and jurisprudence, in qualitative terms are also associated with the European model, even whether national or international form. The sociological context of each continent at the time of creation of its conventions, has relative influence on the text of each document. It is not clear too much influence in the case of the context of the Americas and except for the particular cases of some African states, the influence seems to be insignificant. This insight leads to finding that technical and scientific development of the Anti-discrimination law is still not a strategic policy planning reality, but rather a derived activity of sociological demands. This derivation of sociological demands can be put into degrees of decreasing importance for the development of anti-discrimination systems from the American system and then to Europe, as the African system, according to the doctrine, still beginner, not yet kicked off its developmental march, either doctrinally, or jurisprudential. Concerns were dogmatic order, sociological, and some philosophical level, the Brazilian doctrine used to the call Miguel Reale’s Theory of three-dimensionality of Law in order to advise that the legal phenomenon should be known by three different plans, namely: the fact that the value and the norm; thus taking into account this guidance was considered that discrimination is a real social fact, the dignity of the human person is a moral value evidently inherent to itself and the anti-discrimination rule serves to protect that value against the coming aggressions. This synchrony between the elements cited when they work harmoniously, are catering to the ideals of social justice when it is not so, then calls for the judicial justice, which creates costs for all involved, making life more difficult. The clarification of the legal phenomenon allows the prevention of social conflicts, so the educational function of the science of law should also be offered to the public domain, as one more way to give effect to the legal system rules. This is one of the possibilities of this research.
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Direito internacional Direitos humanos Direitos sociais Teses de mestrado - 2017