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A magistratura dos censores e a corrupção em Roma
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Na presente tese é caracterizada a Censura e os seus distintos poderes, são recenseados os seus titulares e descritos os principais episódios por eles protagonizados e procura-se responder à questão de saber se os Censores desempenharam um papel no combate à corrupção na República romana.
A Censura foi uma magistratura criada em 443 a. C. Os Censores ocupavam-se do census, da recognitio equitum e da lectio senatus. No âmbito destas tarefas os Censores fiscalizavam o cumprimento do Regimen Morum. Cabia aos Censores apurar se os cives se comportavam de acordo com os mores maiorum, quer no
domínio da sua vida pública, quer no domínio da vida privada.
Para além disso, os Censores ocupavam-se da administração do Ager Publicus, designadamente determinando a fixação dos proveitos públicos (vectigalia), provendo às despesas públicas (ultro tributa), bem como assegurando a jurisdição nos conflitos que emergissem do exercício das duas funções anteriores.
Se a corrupção no exercício de funções públicas também era perseguida por outras vias, já o combate à corrupção no âmbito da vida privada e familiar parece ter sido exclusivo da Censura e, por isso, preponderante nas preocupações destes magistrados. A conduta na vida privada era considerada importante para a vida pública. Esta ideia está nos antípodas das conceções do individualismo liberal.
Os Censores deram um contributo para o combate à corrupção, vista esta num sentido amplo, abrangendo condutas quer no âmbito da vida pública, quer no âmbito da vida privada e familiar, não sendo tal contributo despiciendo no combate aos fenómenos que hoje seriam reconduzidos ao moderno conceito de corrupção.
In the present thesis a layout of the roman censorship and its distinct powers is provided; the censors are enumerated and the main events in which they intervened are described. Against this background, the thesis attempts to ascertain whether the censors played a role in fighting corruption during the Roman Republic. The censorship was a magistracy created in 443 B. C. The censors were responsible for the census, the recognitio equitum and the lectio senatus. In performing these tasks, the censors would supervise the enforcement of the Regimen Morum. It was up to the censors to determine if the cives behaved themselves accordingly to the mores maiorum, wether in their public or their private lives. Furthermore, the censors occupied themselves with the management of the Ager Publicus, namely by determining the public profits (vectigalia), by determining public expenditure (ultro tributa), as well as judging the conflicts arising from the previous two tasks. If corruption regarding public office was also persecuted by other means, corruption regarding private and family life seems to have been an exclusive of the censorship, being paramount in these magistrates’ concerns. The citizen’s behaviour in his private life was considered important for his public conduct. Such idea is diametrically-opposed to the concept of individual liberalism. The censors have contributed in fighting corruption, seen in a broad sense covering conducts both in public, and in private and family life. Nonetheless, such contribution was not negligible in fighting phenomena that would fit in the modern concept of corruption.
In the present thesis a layout of the roman censorship and its distinct powers is provided; the censors are enumerated and the main events in which they intervened are described. Against this background, the thesis attempts to ascertain whether the censors played a role in fighting corruption during the Roman Republic. The censorship was a magistracy created in 443 B. C. The censors were responsible for the census, the recognitio equitum and the lectio senatus. In performing these tasks, the censors would supervise the enforcement of the Regimen Morum. It was up to the censors to determine if the cives behaved themselves accordingly to the mores maiorum, wether in their public or their private lives. Furthermore, the censors occupied themselves with the management of the Ager Publicus, namely by determining the public profits (vectigalia), by determining public expenditure (ultro tributa), as well as judging the conflicts arising from the previous two tasks. If corruption regarding public office was also persecuted by other means, corruption regarding private and family life seems to have been an exclusive of the censorship, being paramount in these magistrates’ concerns. The citizen’s behaviour in his private life was considered important for his public conduct. Such idea is diametrically-opposed to the concept of individual liberalism. The censors have contributed in fighting corruption, seen in a broad sense covering conducts both in public, and in private and family life. Nonetheless, such contribution was not negligible in fighting phenomena that would fit in the modern concept of corruption.
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Direito romano Censura Magistratura Corrupção Roma Teses de mestrado - 2015