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Estatuto das empresas militares e de segurança privadas : um estudo de direito administrativo
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O fornecimento de serviços militares e de segurança em troca de contraprestação pecuniária não é um fenômeno recente. Contudo, no início da década de 1990, verificou-se a consolidação do surgimento de um novo participante, no que tange à disponibilização de atividades militares mediante pagamento, só que agora sob a veste empresarial e sob a denominação de empresas militares e de segurança privadas (EMSPs) ou privaty military and security companies (PMSCs). Um aspecto impressionante desse fenômeno consiste na constatação de que, atualmente, a atuação destas empresas é global, contabilizando-se cerca de 250 companhias, em funcionamento em mais de 50 países nos diversos continentes, da Libéria ao Timor, da África do Sul à Chechénia, dos Balcãs à Colômbia. Grande parte dessas empresas militares encontra-se sediada nos Estados Unidos da América e no Reino Unido, países estes que são os principais clientes das aludidas corporações, não obstante as respectivas atuações concentrem-se nos Estados politicamente mais fracos. Todavia, as atividades dessas empresas caminham para uma zona mais nebulosa de legitimidade conforme aproximam-se de combates militares. Afinal, o que são essas PMSCs? Diferentemente da figura do mercenário tradicional em que a maior oferta é o único e preponderante fator de mercado, as empresas contemporâneas são corporações que, em sua grande maioria, operam na legalidade e disponibilizam seu leque de serviços abertamente. Dentre os questionamentos trazidos nesta revolução, importante citar a discussão acerca da possibilidade de exercício dessas atividades por particulares, sobretudo tratando-se a defesa do país, por meio de forças armadas, ser usualmente considerada função exclusiva do Estado. De um ponto de vista pragmático e independente de todas as críticas que o fenômeno possa eventualmente demandar, importa reconhecer que as empresas militares e de segurança privadas correspondem a uma realidade inevitável. Este trabalho divide-se em três capítulos. O primeiro versa sobre o contexto histórico do aparecimento das empresas militares e de segurança privadas, bem como sobre os conceitos fundamentais e as diferenças entre os mercenários tradicionais e as companhias atuais, sobretudo levando-se em consideração a vasta gama de atividades prestadas. O segundo capítulo é centrado nas dificuldades de regulação desse ramo de serviços e na delimitação das inicativas regulatórias tanto no âmbito internacional, quanto no âmbito comunitário europeu, quanto em alguns países. Já no último capítulo, as atenções são voltadas aos instrumentos jurídicos existentes para a análise do fenômeno de privatização da segurança por parte dos Estados, sobretudo para a fiscalização e controle dessas delegações.
The provision of military and security services in exchange for pecuniary consideration is not a recent phenomenon. However, at the beginning of the 1990s, there was a consolidation of the emergence of a new participant, regarding the availability of military activities for payment, but now under the corporate vestment and under the name of private military and security companies (PMSCs). An impressive aspect of this phenomenon is the fact that, at present, the activities of these companies are global, accounting for about 250 companies operating in more than 50 countries on different continents, from Liberia to Timor, from South Africa to Chechenia, from the Balkans to Colombia. Most of these military companies are based in the United States of America and the United Kingdom, which are the main customers of these corporations, although their operations are concentrated in the politically weaker states. However, the activities of these companies move into a more nebulous zone of legitimacy as they approach military combat. After all, what are these PMSCs? Unlike the figure of the traditional mercenary in which the largest offer is the sole and preponderant market factor, contemporary corporations are corporations which, for the most part, operate legally and offer their range of services openly. Among the questions raised in this revolution, it is important to mention the discussion about the possibility of exercising these activities by private individuals, especially when dealing with the country's defense, through armed forces, to be usually considered to be the exclusive function of the State. From a pragmatic point of view and independent of all the criticisms that the phenomenon might eventually require, it is important to recognize that private military and security companies correspond to an unavoidable reality. This work is divided into three chapters. The first deals with the historical context of the emergence of private military and security companies, as well as the fundamental concepts and differences between traditional mercenaries and current companies, especially considering the wide range of activities provided. The second chapter focuses on the difficulties of regulating this branch of services and on the delimitation of regulatory initiatives both at the international level and at European level, as well as in some countries. In the last chapter, the focus is on the existing legal instruments for the analysis of the phenomenon of privatization of security by the States, especially for the supervision and control of these delegations.
The provision of military and security services in exchange for pecuniary consideration is not a recent phenomenon. However, at the beginning of the 1990s, there was a consolidation of the emergence of a new participant, regarding the availability of military activities for payment, but now under the corporate vestment and under the name of private military and security companies (PMSCs). An impressive aspect of this phenomenon is the fact that, at present, the activities of these companies are global, accounting for about 250 companies operating in more than 50 countries on different continents, from Liberia to Timor, from South Africa to Chechenia, from the Balkans to Colombia. Most of these military companies are based in the United States of America and the United Kingdom, which are the main customers of these corporations, although their operations are concentrated in the politically weaker states. However, the activities of these companies move into a more nebulous zone of legitimacy as they approach military combat. After all, what are these PMSCs? Unlike the figure of the traditional mercenary in which the largest offer is the sole and preponderant market factor, contemporary corporations are corporations which, for the most part, operate legally and offer their range of services openly. Among the questions raised in this revolution, it is important to mention the discussion about the possibility of exercising these activities by private individuals, especially when dealing with the country's defense, through armed forces, to be usually considered to be the exclusive function of the State. From a pragmatic point of view and independent of all the criticisms that the phenomenon might eventually require, it is important to recognize that private military and security companies correspond to an unavoidable reality. This work is divided into three chapters. The first deals with the historical context of the emergence of private military and security companies, as well as the fundamental concepts and differences between traditional mercenaries and current companies, especially considering the wide range of activities provided. The second chapter focuses on the difficulties of regulating this branch of services and on the delimitation of regulatory initiatives both at the international level and at European level, as well as in some countries. In the last chapter, the focus is on the existing legal instruments for the analysis of the phenomenon of privatization of security by the States, especially for the supervision and control of these delegations.
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Direito administrativo Empresas militares Segurança privada Mercenários Privatização Regulamentação Controlo administrativo Teses de mestrado - 2019