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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
As consequências do agravamento climático manifestam-se na inundação das áreas
planas e de baixa altitude adjacentes aos estuários, regiões naturalmente suscetíveis ao
fenómeno. As projeções de inundação futura apresentam múltiplas incertezas, pois os
resultados variam conforme o cenário climático e o modelo de simulação utilizados.
A presente dissertação identifica e quantifica o peso dessas incertezas através da
análise individualizada dos modelos e do forçamento climático enquanto fatores de
incerteza. Para isso, é efetuada uma análise comparativa de três modelos publicados na
literatura — Climate Central (2021), Antunes et al. (2019) e Lopes et al. (2022) — que
estimam o perigo de inundação futura. Todos consideram a subida do nível médio do mar,
o efeito da maré e a ocorrência de storm surge, embora com diferenças na metodologia,
parametrização, escala e resolução. O estudo é aplicado em cinco sistemas estuarinos de
Portugal: Ria de Aveiro, estuários dos rios Mondego, Tejo, Sado e Ria Formosa.
Os dados foram obtidos através da georreferenciação de imagens digitais e posterior
vetorização, considerando múltiplos cenários climáticos e períodos. Após validação, foi
produzida estatística espacial e cartografia de inundação e exposição potencial.
A análise dos resultados revela que os modelos contribuem mais para as incertezas
do que o forçamento climático, devido às fortes assimetrias entre si. O uso de diferentes
cenários climáticos dentro do mesmo modelo mostrou oscilações menores, sugerindo
menor impacto na incerteza global. Nos sistemas estuarinos com hidrodinâmica governada
pela maré, as projeções foram mais consistentes. Já em áreas com maior escoamento fluvial,
as divergências entre modelação estática e hidrodinâmica são acentuadas, sendo que a
modelação hidrodinâmica conduz a menor área inundável e exposição potencial.
O estudo sublinha a importância de identificar as fontes de incerteza e comunicá-las
claramente, para que as medidas de prevenção e adaptação ao perigo de inundação
estuarina sejam ajustadas em conformidade.
The impacts of climate change are increasingly evident in the flooding of flat, lowlying areas adjacent to estuaries, regions naturally prone to such events. Future flood projections carry significant uncertainties, as outcomes vary depending on the climate scenarios and simulation models used. This dissertation identifies and quantifies the contribution of these uncertainties by separately analyzing simulation models and climate forcing as sources of variability. A comparative analysis of three models from the literature — Climate Central (2021), Antunes et al. (2019), and Lopes et al. (2022) — is performed, all of which estimate future flood hazards considering sea-level rise, tidal effects, and storm surge occurrence. However, the models differ in methodology, parametrization, scale, and resolution. The study is applied to five estuarine systems in Portugal: Ria de Aveiro, the estuaries of the Mondego, Tagus, and Sado rivers, as well as Ria Formosa. Data was obtained through georeferencing and digitizing maps, encompassing multiple climate scenarios and timeframes. After validation, spatial statistics and flood exposure maps were produced. Results indicate that simulation models contribute more to overall uncertainties than climate forcing due to significant inter-model asymmetries. Varying climate scenarios within the same model showed smaller fluctuations, suggesting a lower impact on overall uncertainty. In tide-dominated estuarine systems, projections were more consistent, whereas in regions with significant river runoff, discrepancies between static and hydrodynamic modelling were notable, with the latter predicting smaller flood areas and lower potential exposure. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying and clearly communicating uncertainty sources, so that estuarine flood risk prevention and adaptation measures are adjusted accordingly.
The impacts of climate change are increasingly evident in the flooding of flat, lowlying areas adjacent to estuaries, regions naturally prone to such events. Future flood projections carry significant uncertainties, as outcomes vary depending on the climate scenarios and simulation models used. This dissertation identifies and quantifies the contribution of these uncertainties by separately analyzing simulation models and climate forcing as sources of variability. A comparative analysis of three models from the literature — Climate Central (2021), Antunes et al. (2019), and Lopes et al. (2022) — is performed, all of which estimate future flood hazards considering sea-level rise, tidal effects, and storm surge occurrence. However, the models differ in methodology, parametrization, scale, and resolution. The study is applied to five estuarine systems in Portugal: Ria de Aveiro, the estuaries of the Mondego, Tagus, and Sado rivers, as well as Ria Formosa. Data was obtained through georeferencing and digitizing maps, encompassing multiple climate scenarios and timeframes. After validation, spatial statistics and flood exposure maps were produced. Results indicate that simulation models contribute more to overall uncertainties than climate forcing due to significant inter-model asymmetries. Varying climate scenarios within the same model showed smaller fluctuations, suggesting a lower impact on overall uncertainty. In tide-dominated estuarine systems, projections were more consistent, whereas in regions with significant river runoff, discrepancies between static and hydrodynamic modelling were notable, with the latter predicting smaller flood areas and lower potential exposure. This study emphasizes the importance of identifying and clearly communicating uncertainty sources, so that estuarine flood risk prevention and adaptation measures are adjusted accordingly.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Inundação estuarina Incerteza Modelos Forçamento climático Sistemas de Informação Geográfica
