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A Influência do TRIPS no Programa da SIDA no Brasil: Uma Investigação no Âmbito da Perspetiva Neoinstitucional da Teoria da Escolha Racional
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Resumo(s)
O objetivo geral deste estudo foi analisar como se configura, sob a perspetiva teórica do novo institucionalismo da escolha racional, a influência do TRIPS no programa de SIDA no Brasil.
O desenho de investigação seguido foi o indutivo e, quanto à sua abordagem prática, trabalhou-se com o método de análise qualitativa. No que respeita às técnicas de recolha de dados, fez-se uso da análise bibliográfica exploratória e documental, e do inquérito por entrevista semiestruturada e focalizada a informantes-chave. Os resultados demonstraram que o Brasil sofreu influências políticas e económicas, de países desenvolvidos e de grandes empresas farmacêuticas, para aprovação do TRIPS; e que, ao aprovar a Lei de Patentes, o país sofreu consequências de ordem económica, política e jurídica. No âmbito internacional, verificou-se a corrupção da componente ideacional do comércio, desvirtuando seu conceito e seus preceitos; no âmbito interno, o Brasil pactuou com essa corrupção aprovando uma legislação de patentes,
que exacerbou as exigências do tratado. Inovou no texto legal legitimando a patente pipeline, que, além de majorar os custos dos medicamentos, tem sua constitucionalidade questionada perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal. Da análise das externalidades decorrentes da adesão do Brasil ao TRIPS, no programa da SIDA, foram identificadas externalidades negativas e positivas. Revelaram-se como externalidades negativas: mortalidade adulta, mortalidade infantil, contágio por SIDA e contágio vertical; e, como externalidades positivas: produção local de medicamentos, fornecimento de medicamentos e sobrevida dos pacientes. Em termos do programa da SIDA, não se percebeu ter sido influenciado quando da adesão do Brasil ao TRIPS, ante as intervenções do Estado brasileiro, que agiu para majorar as externalidades
positivas e minorar as externalidades negativas. Dentre as principais contribuições da pesquisa, identificaram-se fragilidades institucionais brasileiras e relevantes externalidades na área de saúde, no sentido de auxiliar os dirigentes em relação à uma melhor adequação dos recursos públicos.
The general objective of this study was to analyze how, under the theoretical perspective of the new institutionalism of rational choice, the influence of TRIPS in the AIDS program in Brazil. The research design followed was inductive and, as for its practical approach, we worked with the method of qualitative analysis. With regard to data collection techniques, exploratory and documentary bibliographic analysis was used, as well as a semi-structured interview focused on key informants. The results showed that Brazil suffered political and economic influences, from developed countries and large pharmaceutical companies, for TRIPS approval; and that, when approving the Patent Law, the country suffered economic, political and legal consequences. At the international level, there was corruption in the ideational component of trade, distorting its concept and precepts; domestically, Brazil agreed to this corruption by passing patent legislation, which exacerbated the requirements of the treaty. It innovated in the legal text legitimizing the patent pipeline, which, in addition to increasing the costs of medicines, has its constitutionality questioned before the Federal Supreme Court. From the analysis of externalities resulting from Brazil's adherence to TRIPS, in the AIDS program, negative and positive externalities were identified. The following were revealed as negative externalities: adult mortality, infant mortality, contagion by AIDS and vertical contagion; and, as positive externalities: local drug production, drug supply and patient survival. In terms of the AIDS program, it was not perceived that it was influenced when Brazil joined TRIPS, in the face of interventions by the Brazilian State, which acted to increase positive externalities and alleviate negative externalities. Among the main contributions of the research, Brazilian institutional weaknesses and relevant externalities in the health area were identified, in order to assist the leaders in relation to a better adequacy of public resources.
The general objective of this study was to analyze how, under the theoretical perspective of the new institutionalism of rational choice, the influence of TRIPS in the AIDS program in Brazil. The research design followed was inductive and, as for its practical approach, we worked with the method of qualitative analysis. With regard to data collection techniques, exploratory and documentary bibliographic analysis was used, as well as a semi-structured interview focused on key informants. The results showed that Brazil suffered political and economic influences, from developed countries and large pharmaceutical companies, for TRIPS approval; and that, when approving the Patent Law, the country suffered economic, political and legal consequences. At the international level, there was corruption in the ideational component of trade, distorting its concept and precepts; domestically, Brazil agreed to this corruption by passing patent legislation, which exacerbated the requirements of the treaty. It innovated in the legal text legitimizing the patent pipeline, which, in addition to increasing the costs of medicines, has its constitutionality questioned before the Federal Supreme Court. From the analysis of externalities resulting from Brazil's adherence to TRIPS, in the AIDS program, negative and positive externalities were identified. The following were revealed as negative externalities: adult mortality, infant mortality, contagion by AIDS and vertical contagion; and, as positive externalities: local drug production, drug supply and patient survival. In terms of the AIDS program, it was not perceived that it was influenced when Brazil joined TRIPS, in the face of interventions by the Brazilian State, which acted to increase positive externalities and alleviate negative externalities. Among the main contributions of the research, Brazilian institutional weaknesses and relevant externalities in the health area were identified, in order to assist the leaders in relation to a better adequacy of public resources.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais, na Especialidade de Ciência Política
Palavras-chave
TRIPS Neoinstitucionalismo SIDA Propriedade Intelectual Externalidades TRIPS Neoinstitutionalism AIDS Intellectual property Externalities
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Editora
Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas