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Fortificar o Nilo : a ocupação militar egípcia da Núbia na XII dinastia, 1980-1790 a.C.
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A maioria das escavações arqueológicas e dos trabalhos em egiptologia focam-se principalmente nas dimensões culturais, sociais e religiosas do Antigo Egipto, deixando o estudo de outros aspectos, como a guerra, para um segundo plano. O país do Nilo, certamente, entre as civilizações do Mundo Antigo aquela que mais enfâse colocou no acto de guerrear contra outras populações. Mas, se observarmos com atenção, verificamos que desde o Império Médio a guerra esteve sempre presente na política externa e interna dos faraós e dos seus oficiais. Um desses exemplos foi o da construção de uma malha de estruturas defensivas ao longo do rio Nilo, nas regiões da segunda catarata e de Batn el-Hagar.
As fortalezas construídas na Baixa Núbia pelos faraós da XII dinastia do Império Médio permitiram ao Antigo Egipto controlar a fronteira entre este e o Kuch. Estes fortes, apesar de terem sido edificados em períodos cronológicos bastante próximos, apresentam entre si uma considerável diversificação em termos de tamanho, defesas, funções, bem como a própria importância no contexto em que se inserem.
Em suma, os objectivos desta dissertação são trazer para a área da egiptologia, em Portugal, um tema ainda pouco explorado e analisado. A dinâmica dada pelos Egípcios aos movimentos bélicos na Núbia ajuda a compreender a forma como este povo interagia com os seus vizinhos, com os quais mantinham intensas relações.
Most archaeological excavations and Egyptology studies focus mainly the cultural, social and religious aspects of Ancient Egypt, leaving the study of other areas, such as warfare, into the background. The country of the Nile, will certainly not be among the civilizations of the Ancient World, the one that put the emphasis on the act of war against other nations, but if we look carefully, we find that especially from the Middle Kingdom period to the following times, the warfare is always present in foreign and internal policy of the pharaohs and of their officers. One of these external policies was to build a network of defensive structures along the river Nile, in the regions of the second cataract and of the Batn el-Hagar. The forts built in Lower Nubia by the pharaohs of the XII dynasty of the Middle Kingdom, allowed the ancient Egyptian control, in various aspects, the boundary with the Kuch. These strongholds, although they were built in very close chronological periods, present a considerable diversification in terms of size, defense, functions, and in the context in which they operate. In short, the objectives of this thesis is bring to the area of Egyptology in Portugal a topic still poorly explored and analyzed, both nationally and internationally – warfare and fortification. For the dynamics given by the Egyptians to war movements in Nubia, we intend to understand the way of how Egyptians interacted with their neighbors.
Most archaeological excavations and Egyptology studies focus mainly the cultural, social and religious aspects of Ancient Egypt, leaving the study of other areas, such as warfare, into the background. The country of the Nile, will certainly not be among the civilizations of the Ancient World, the one that put the emphasis on the act of war against other nations, but if we look carefully, we find that especially from the Middle Kingdom period to the following times, the warfare is always present in foreign and internal policy of the pharaohs and of their officers. One of these external policies was to build a network of defensive structures along the river Nile, in the regions of the second cataract and of the Batn el-Hagar. The forts built in Lower Nubia by the pharaohs of the XII dynasty of the Middle Kingdom, allowed the ancient Egyptian control, in various aspects, the boundary with the Kuch. These strongholds, although they were built in very close chronological periods, present a considerable diversification in terms of size, defense, functions, and in the context in which they operate. In short, the objectives of this thesis is bring to the area of Egyptology in Portugal a topic still poorly explored and analyzed, both nationally and internationally – warfare and fortification. For the dynamics given by the Egyptians to war movements in Nubia, we intend to understand the way of how Egyptians interacted with their neighbors.
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Palavras-chave
Egipto - História militar - Antiguidade Núbia - História - Antiguidade Arte e ciência militares - Egipto - Antiguidade Fortificações - Egipto - Antiguidade Teses de mestrado - 2016