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Onde o mesmo é diferente : modelos mentais e perceção de risco em suplementos alimentares
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Desde há muitos milhares de anos que os Humanos ingerem determinadas substâncias específicas com intuitos muito mais largos do que a simples alimentação. A generalização do fenómeno, nas últimas décadas, é de tal dimensão que o conceito genérico – Suplementos Alimentares – pouco diz sobre a sua diversidade e implicações. Por exemplo, muitos Suplementos Alimentares têm inscrito no rótulo “produtos naturais”. Este termo é muitas vezes interpretado pelo consumidor como uma garantia de segurança, pois associam a “o que é natural, não faz mal”. Na maioria dos casos, os Suplementos Alimentares não apresentam na sua rotulagem ou numa bula informativa, uma lista de reações adversas ou contraindicações ao seu consumo, sendo por vezes assumido pelo consumidor a ausência de efeitos adversos. O seu uso indiscriminado e/ou excessivo pode trazer graves consequências para a saúde.
A possível semelhança entre a composição de alguns Suplementos Alimentares e medicamentos deu origem ao aparecimento dos produtos fronteira ou borderline products, cada vez mais debatidos no âmbito da gestão de risco e segurança do consumidor. (DGAV, ASAE, INFARMED, ICBAS-UP, FFUC, & OIMP., 2016)
Com a extensa utilização desses produtos, por vezes com características medicamentosas, era importante analisar em profundidade quais os conhecimentos, perceções de risco e mecanismos causais de Médicos, Nutricionistas, Farmacêuticos e leigos de modo a avaliar a distância dos seus Modelos mentais aquilo que poderíamos considerar o expert model na matéria. Utilizando a metodologia de Morgan Morgan, Fischhoff, Bostrom & Atman (2002) levámos a cabo a) uma identificação de um Expert Model correspondendo ao estado da arte, e b) uma série de entrevistas com amostras dos grupos mencionados. Não só os conhecimentos e a perceção de risco dos especialistas se afastam significativamente do Expert Model como existe uma grande diversidade dentro dos grupos estudados. Mais especificamente parece existir uma falta de apropriação dos especialistas sobre os Suplementos Alimentares que acabam por se situar num limbo no que concerne à responsabilização.
For many thousands of years Humans have ingested certain specific substances with much wider intentions than simple feeding. The generalization of the phenomenon in recent decades is such that the generic concept - Food Supplements - says little about its diversity and implications. For example, many Food Supplements have been inscribed on the label "natural ". This term is often interpreted by the consumer as a guarantee of safety, since they associate that what is natural, it's good for the health. In most cases, Food Supplements do not present a list of adverse reactions or contraindications to their consumption in their labeling or in an information leaflet, and it is sometimes assumed by the consumer that there are no adverse effects. Its indiscriminate and / or excessive use can have serious consequences for health. The possible similarity between the composition of some SA and medicines gave rise to the appearance of frontier products or borderline products, increasingly debated in the scope of consumer risk and safety management (DGAV, ASAE, INFARMED, ICBAS-UP, FFUC, & OIMP, 2016). With the extensive use of these products, sometimes with medicinal characteristics, it was important to analyze in depth the knowledge, risk perceptions and causal mechanisms of Physicians, Nutritionists, Pharmacists and lay people to evaluate the distance from their Mental Models what we could consider the expert model in the field. Using the methodology of Morgan Morgan, Fischhoff, Bostrom & Atman (2002) we carried out a) an identification of an Expert Model corresponding to the state of the art, and b) a series of interviews with samples of the mentioned groups. Not only do the experts' knowledge and risk perception depart significantly from the Expert Model as there is a great diversity within the groups studied. More specifically, there seems to be a lack of appropriation of the specialists on the Food Supplements that end up being in a limbo about the accountability.
For many thousands of years Humans have ingested certain specific substances with much wider intentions than simple feeding. The generalization of the phenomenon in recent decades is such that the generic concept - Food Supplements - says little about its diversity and implications. For example, many Food Supplements have been inscribed on the label "natural ". This term is often interpreted by the consumer as a guarantee of safety, since they associate that what is natural, it's good for the health. In most cases, Food Supplements do not present a list of adverse reactions or contraindications to their consumption in their labeling or in an information leaflet, and it is sometimes assumed by the consumer that there are no adverse effects. Its indiscriminate and / or excessive use can have serious consequences for health. The possible similarity between the composition of some SA and medicines gave rise to the appearance of frontier products or borderline products, increasingly debated in the scope of consumer risk and safety management (DGAV, ASAE, INFARMED, ICBAS-UP, FFUC, & OIMP, 2016). With the extensive use of these products, sometimes with medicinal characteristics, it was important to analyze in depth the knowledge, risk perceptions and causal mechanisms of Physicians, Nutritionists, Pharmacists and lay people to evaluate the distance from their Mental Models what we could consider the expert model in the field. Using the methodology of Morgan Morgan, Fischhoff, Bostrom & Atman (2002) we carried out a) an identification of an Expert Model corresponding to the state of the art, and b) a series of interviews with samples of the mentioned groups. Not only do the experts' knowledge and risk perception depart significantly from the Expert Model as there is a great diversity within the groups studied. More specifically, there seems to be a lack of appropriation of the specialists on the Food Supplements that end up being in a limbo about the accountability.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Psicologia (Secção de Cognição Social Aplicada), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Psicologia, 2018
Palavras-chave
Modelos mentais Percepção do risco Suplementos alimentares Teses de mestrado - 2018