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Cigarros,tabaco e nicotina: factores biocomportamentais associados ao tabagismo
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Introducao. Nos paises industrializados o tabagismo constitui o principal risco evitavel de morbilidade e morte prematura, estimando-se que em Portugal 19,5% da populacao fume. Assim, e fundamental realizar investigacoes sobre os factores psicossociais na dependencia de cigarros. Objectivos. O primeiro estudo, avalia as qualidades metricas dos instrumentos de relato pessoal utilizados. O segundo estudo, investiga a associacao entre o habito tabagico, o perfil emocional e o perfil tabagico, numa amostra da populacao geralportuguesa. Participantes. Constituiram-se cinco amostras nao probabilisticas da populacao geral portuguesa, residentes no Distrito de Lisboa. Os dados foram recolhidos em postos de medicina laboral, na Universidade Lusofona e na comunidade, neste caso atraves do metodo bola de neve . A amostra total contou com 762 participantes, 305 homens e 457 mulheres. As idades oscilaram entre os 17 e os 73 anos (M = 33,4; DP= 12,2). Instrumentos. Entrevista para Avaliacao do Habito Tabagico (EAHT), perfilemocional e perfil tabagico. Conclusoes. Tendo em conta a estratificacao por sexo e habito tabagico, (1) registaram-se diferencas na EAHT, particularmente na carga tabagica, no simbolismo associado ao tabagismo, no perfil de inalacao, na percepcao de risco, nas tentativas para deixar de fumar, na historia de tabagismo familiar, no relato de doencas e no consumo de bebidas estimulantes. (2) A afectividade negativa contribuiu pouco para explicar a evolucao dos habitos tabagicos. (3) Os homens fumadores apresentam maior nivel de dependencia fisica, enquanto as mulheres revelam maior dependência emocional. O habito tabagico desencadeia reaccoes de dissonancia cognitiva e ambivalencia emocional, especialmente duradouras e importantes nas mulheres. O sentimento de competencia pessoal para nao fumar aumenta ao longo do tempo de abstinencia. (4) E possivel reproduzir o modelo transteorico em diversos aspectos, particularmente os constructos sobre a auto-eficacia e os processos de mudanca, apesar das dificuldades em operacionalizar algumas medidas e previsoes.
Introduction. In industrialized countries tobacco is the leading cause of preventable morbidity, and premature death, being esteemed that around 19,5% of the Portuguese population smokes. Thus, it is crucial to develop research in the field of psychosocial risk factors associated with nicotine dependence. Objectives. The first study assesses metric properties of the self-report instruments used in this research. The second study, researches the association between smoking habit history, emotional profile and tobacco profile, in a sample of the Portuguese population. Participants. Five non-probabilistic samples of the general Portuguese population were gathered, with residence in Lisbon district. Data were collected at labor medicine offices, at Lusofona University, and at the community, in this case through a snow ball method. The final sample included 762 participants, 305 males, and 457 females. The age range from 17, and 73 years old (M = 33,4; SD = 12,2). Instruments. Interview for Assessment of Tobacco Habits (IATH), emotional profile, and tobacco profile. Conclusions. Considering sex, and tobacco habits stratification, (1) differences were found in the IATH, namely heaviness of smoking, symbolism of smoking,inhalation profile, risk perception, smoking cessation attempts, family history of tobacco, disease report, and consumption of stimulant beverages. (2) Negative affectivity has little contribution to explain the development of smoking habits. (3) Smoking males are characterized by heavier physical nicotine dependence, while females revels greater emotional dependence. The smoking habits trigger cognitive dissonance reactions, and emotional ambivalence, especially lasting and important for women's. A self-competence feeling for deterring smoking temptations increases along the abstinence period. (4) The transtheoretical model is replicable in several aspects, namely the self-efficacy, and the processes of change constructs, despite difficulties in some measures and predictions.
Introduction. In industrialized countries tobacco is the leading cause of preventable morbidity, and premature death, being esteemed that around 19,5% of the Portuguese population smokes. Thus, it is crucial to develop research in the field of psychosocial risk factors associated with nicotine dependence. Objectives. The first study assesses metric properties of the self-report instruments used in this research. The second study, researches the association between smoking habit history, emotional profile and tobacco profile, in a sample of the Portuguese population. Participants. Five non-probabilistic samples of the general Portuguese population were gathered, with residence in Lisbon district. Data were collected at labor medicine offices, at Lusofona University, and at the community, in this case through a snow ball method. The final sample included 762 participants, 305 males, and 457 females. The age range from 17, and 73 years old (M = 33,4; SD = 12,2). Instruments. Interview for Assessment of Tobacco Habits (IATH), emotional profile, and tobacco profile. Conclusions. Considering sex, and tobacco habits stratification, (1) differences were found in the IATH, namely heaviness of smoking, symbolism of smoking,inhalation profile, risk perception, smoking cessation attempts, family history of tobacco, disease report, and consumption of stimulant beverages. (2) Negative affectivity has little contribution to explain the development of smoking habits. (3) Smoking males are characterized by heavier physical nicotine dependence, while females revels greater emotional dependence. The smoking habits trigger cognitive dissonance reactions, and emotional ambivalence, especially lasting and important for women's. A self-competence feeling for deterring smoking temptations increases along the abstinence period. (4) The transtheoretical model is replicable in several aspects, namely the self-efficacy, and the processes of change constructs, despite difficulties in some measures and predictions.
Descrição
Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia (Psicologia Clínica), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa através da Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, 2008
Palavras-chave
Tabagismo Teses de doutoramento