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A situação do credor hipotecário no processo especial de revitalização
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O objectivo da presente dissertação é a análise da situação do credor hipotecário no âmbito do processo especial de revitalização. Com este objectivo traçado, começamos por analisar o regime que cuida das garantias das obrigações, mais concretamente a excepção prevista na lei relativamente às garantias especiais
reais, quando ocorra uma situação de concurso entre credores, onde se inclui a hipoteca. É feita uma análise dos aspectos que a caracterizam e diferenciam da garantia geral das obrigações (a que corresponde a totalidade do património do devedor), que, em primeira linha, decorre do facto de ser uma garantia que incide
sobre bens específicos e imóveis (ou bens móveis sujeitos a registo), e que atribui um direito de preferência ao credor titular de um crédito que dela beneficie de ser satisfeito através do produto obtido na execução desse mesmo bem. Em seguida, é feito um enquadramento do direito da insolvência desde os seus primórdios até ao presente, demonstrando qual a filosofia que vingava durante os períodos de vigência dos diversos regimes, incidindo, também, nos efeitos decorrentes da declaração de insolvência para os créditos hipotecários. Em especial, é analisado o regime do processo especial de revitalização, instituído pela Lei n.º 16/2012, de 20
de Abril, que veio estabelecer um regime pré-insolvencial, rompendo com a primazia da liquidação do devedor, permitindo a sua recuperação antes de se encontrar em situação de insolvência. Neste, o estudo foca-se no plano de recuperação, especificamente nas hipóteses em que o juiz deve recusar a homologação do mesmo, oficiosamente ou a requerimento de algum interessado, para o que é necessário cuidar do princípio da igualdade entre os credores e percorrer as posições dos Tribunais Superiores quanto a esta matéria, que ainda não se encontra dotada de um critério uniforme. Com base nesta diversidade de entendimentos, a final é ponderada a situação dos credores hipotecários quando o plano preveja um tratamento desfavorável a algum deles, em comparação com os titulares dos restantes créditos.
The purpose of the present dissertation is the analysis of the situation of the mortgage creditor under the special process of revitalization. With this purpose clearly defined, we begin by examining the regime that takes care of the guarantees of obligations, in particular the exception provided by law concerning special guarantees in rem, when occurs a situation of competition between creditors, where is included the mortgage. An additional analysis is made regarding the aspects that characterize and differentiate it from the general guarantee of obligations (that corresponds to the total of the debtor's assets), which primarily stems from the fact that it is a guarantee that focuses on specific and immovable assets (or movable property obliged by law to registration), and that assigns a right of pre-emption to the creditor, holder of a credit who benefits from being satisfied through the product obtained with the liquidation of that same specific asset. Further ahead, we contextualize the insolvencial law since its origins to the present day, demonstrating which philosophy was applied during the periods of validity of the various regimes, focusing as well on the effects of the declaration of insolvency on mortgage creditors’. In particular, we analyze the regime of the special process of revitalization, established by the law No. 16/2012 of April 20th, which came to establish a pre-insolvencial regime, breaking with the primacy of the liquidation of the debtor, allowing for recovery before being in the situation of insolvency. Said so, the study focuses on the recovery plan, specifically in the cases in which the judge should refuse to grant it, “ex officio” or at the request of any concerned party/entity, for which is necessary to address the principle of equality among creditors and move through the positions of the Superior Courts on this subject, which is not yet equipped with a uniform criteria. Based on this diversity of agreements, we will analyze situations where a mortgage creditor can be put in to a position that constrains his rights, through the recovery plan, compared with the rest of the debtor’s creditors.
The purpose of the present dissertation is the analysis of the situation of the mortgage creditor under the special process of revitalization. With this purpose clearly defined, we begin by examining the regime that takes care of the guarantees of obligations, in particular the exception provided by law concerning special guarantees in rem, when occurs a situation of competition between creditors, where is included the mortgage. An additional analysis is made regarding the aspects that characterize and differentiate it from the general guarantee of obligations (that corresponds to the total of the debtor's assets), which primarily stems from the fact that it is a guarantee that focuses on specific and immovable assets (or movable property obliged by law to registration), and that assigns a right of pre-emption to the creditor, holder of a credit who benefits from being satisfied through the product obtained with the liquidation of that same specific asset. Further ahead, we contextualize the insolvencial law since its origins to the present day, demonstrating which philosophy was applied during the periods of validity of the various regimes, focusing as well on the effects of the declaration of insolvency on mortgage creditors’. In particular, we analyze the regime of the special process of revitalization, established by the law No. 16/2012 of April 20th, which came to establish a pre-insolvencial regime, breaking with the primacy of the liquidation of the debtor, allowing for recovery before being in the situation of insolvency. Said so, the study focuses on the recovery plan, specifically in the cases in which the judge should refuse to grant it, “ex officio” or at the request of any concerned party/entity, for which is necessary to address the principle of equality among creditors and move through the positions of the Superior Courts on this subject, which is not yet equipped with a uniform criteria. Based on this diversity of agreements, we will analyze situations where a mortgage creditor can be put in to a position that constrains his rights, through the recovery plan, compared with the rest of the debtor’s creditors.
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Palavras-chave
Direito da insolvência Revitalização Hipoteca Credor Princípio de igualdade Direito de preferência Teses de mestrado - 2018