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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A forma como se encontra estruturado o direito internacional, apoiado em conceitos como soberania e territorialidade, foi desenhada para um “mundo físico”, num contexto de escassas interações transfronteiriças e vigora até aos dias de hoje. No entanto, o desenvolvimento das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação e, em especial, o surgimento da Internet levanta a questão sobre se também o “mundo virtual” deve ser regulado pelos mesmos princípios. O motivo dessa questão prende-se com o facto de a Internet promover trocas de informação constantes entre várias jurisdições, informação essa que pode interessar no contexto de uma investigação criminal, mas que se encontra em sistemas informáticos localizados no território de um Estado diferente daquele em que ocorre a investigação. De acordo com esse modelo clássico assente no princípio da territorialidade, para obter esses dados, as autoridades competentes deverão lançar mão dos mecanismos de cooperação judiciária internacional. Mas ainda assim, porque esses mecanismos se revelam, muitas vezes, bastante morosos, situações há em que os Estados agem unilateralmente com vista à obtenção desses dados, algumas com base legal, outras nem tanto. Assim, entram em disputa a observância dos princípios e normas de direito internacional, em prejuízo da investigação criminal, e a eficácia da ação penal através da desconsideração desses princípios e normas, que poderá dar lugar à desproteção dos sistemas informáticos que ficam sujeitos a um espaço sem jurisdição, ao alcance de qualquer Estado. Por isso, importará repensar conceitos tradicionais tidos como absolutos, mas que podem não ser adequados para a regulação do ciberespaço, devendo dar lugar a novas formas de regulação. Este problema tem vindo a assumir novos proporções com o advento da computação em nuvem que, de forma a tornar os dados acessíveis através de um qualquer dispositivo, dispersa-os, sem que muitas vezes se saiba exatamente onde se encontram. Trata-se da chamada “loss of location”.
The way International Law is structured, based on concepts like sovereignty and territoriality, was designed for a “material world”, in a context where cross border interactions were scarce, and is still in force today. However, the development of information and communication technologies and, especially, the emergence of the Internet raises the question whether the “virtual world” should also be ruled by the same principles. The reason for that question is the fact that Internet promotes constant exchange of information between various jurisdictions, and that information might be useful for a criminal investigation, but might also be stored in a computer system located in the territory of a different State from the one where the investigation is happening. According to the classic model founded in the principle of territoriality, in order to obtain the sought data, the competent authorities shall resort to judicial cooperation mechanisms. Nonetheless, since those mechanisms are often very lengthy, there are some situations in which States act unilaterally to obtain such data, sometimes with legal basis, some others not so much. So, complying with principles and rules of International Law, thus affecting the success of the criminal investigation, enters in a dispute with the prevalence of the criminal investigation over those principles and rules, which might lead to a lack of protection of computer systems, subjecting them to a space without jurisdiction, leaving them at the reach of any State. This way, it is important to rethink traditional concepts which are deemed absolute, but might not be adequate to regulate cyberspace, thus they should make way to new ways of regulating. This problem is taking new proportions with the massification of cloud computing which, in order to make data accessible from any device, scatters those data, leaving them untraceable. This is the so-called “loss of location”.
The way International Law is structured, based on concepts like sovereignty and territoriality, was designed for a “material world”, in a context where cross border interactions were scarce, and is still in force today. However, the development of information and communication technologies and, especially, the emergence of the Internet raises the question whether the “virtual world” should also be ruled by the same principles. The reason for that question is the fact that Internet promotes constant exchange of information between various jurisdictions, and that information might be useful for a criminal investigation, but might also be stored in a computer system located in the territory of a different State from the one where the investigation is happening. According to the classic model founded in the principle of territoriality, in order to obtain the sought data, the competent authorities shall resort to judicial cooperation mechanisms. Nonetheless, since those mechanisms are often very lengthy, there are some situations in which States act unilaterally to obtain such data, sometimes with legal basis, some others not so much. So, complying with principles and rules of International Law, thus affecting the success of the criminal investigation, enters in a dispute with the prevalence of the criminal investigation over those principles and rules, which might lead to a lack of protection of computer systems, subjecting them to a space without jurisdiction, leaving them at the reach of any State. This way, it is important to rethink traditional concepts which are deemed absolute, but might not be adequate to regulate cyberspace, thus they should make way to new ways of regulating. This problem is taking new proportions with the massification of cloud computing which, in order to make data accessible from any device, scatters those data, leaving them untraceable. This is the so-called “loss of location”.
Description
Keywords
Processo penal Dados informáticos Cibercrime Pesquisa informática Teses de mestrado - 2021