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Indústria, comércio externo e intervenção pública: as conservas de peixe no Estado Novo (1927-1972)
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
Nas décadas centrais do século XX as conservas de sardinha lideraram os
mercados internacionais e foram uma das principais exportações portuguesas. Neste
estudo analisamos o crescimento da indústria de conservas a partir das instituições
criadas pelo Estado Novo para reorganizar a indústria em 1932. As fontes primárias
inéditas, em particular o arquivo do Instituto Português das Conservas de Peixe
(1936-1974), permitem discutir as causas e efeitos da coordenação económica estatal
sobre a indústria de conservas. Salientamos como hipótese que, apesar do paradigma
de autarcia e nacionalismo económico vigente durante o Estado Novo, houve uma
efetiva «missão exportadora» pública, assente na defesa da qualidade das exportações
e na intervenção direta nos mercados.
Este estudo adopta uma metodologia comparativa com outros países
produtores de conservas que nos permite entender a eficácia da política económica
portuguesa e as oportunidades perdidas nos mercados externos. A comparação mostra
que a indústria portuguesa seguiu um padrão de especialização internacional com
vantagens comparativas no comércio internacional. A partir do caso das conservas,
este estudo pretende contribuir para o debate historiográfico sobre o impacto das
instituições no crescimento das indústrias, em particular no regime do Estado Novo, a
eficácia da coordenação económica estatal e as relações entre os agentes privados e o
regime autoritário.
O texto divide-se em duas partes. Na primeira, discutimos a evolução da
«missão exportadora» ao longo de três conjunturas: os anos trinta e o protecionismo
comercial; a Segunda Guerra Mundial e o comércio estratégico; as primeiras décadas
do pós guerra e a liberalização do comércio externo. Na segunda, estudamos a
evolução das indústrias da pesca e conservas e a relação entre o Estado e as empresas
a partir do designado «condicionamento industrial». O trabalho conclui com um
epílogo sobre a decadência da indústria a partir de 1967.
In the central decades of the 20th century, canned sardines led international markets and were one of the main Portuguese exports. In this work, we discuss the growth of the canning industry based on the institutions created by the New State to reorganize the industry in 1932. Unpublished primary sources, in particular the archive of the Instituto Português das Conservas de Peixe (1936-1974 ), will allow to interpret the causes and impacts of state economic coordination on the canning industry. We emphasize as a hypothesis that, despite the paradigm of autarky and economic nationalism that embodies New State, there was an effective public “export mission” based on the improvement of the quality of exports and on direct intervention in the markets. This study adopts a comparative methodology with other canning producing countries that allow us to understand the effectiveness of Portuguese economic policy and the lost opportunities in foreign markets. The comparison shows that Portuguese industry followed a pattern of international specialization with comparative advantages in international trade. Based on the case of canned products, this study aims to contribute to the historiographical debate on the impact of institutions on the growth of industries, in particular under the New State regime, the effectiveness of state economic coordination and the relations between private agents and the authoritarian regime. The text is divided into two parts. In the first, we discuss the evolution of the “export mission” over three scenarios: the thirties and trade protectionism; World War II and strategic trade; the first post-war decades and the liberalization of foreign trade. In the second, we study the evolution of the fishing and canning industries and the relationship between the State and companies based on the so-called «condicionamento industrial». The work concludes with an epilogue on the decay of industry from 1967 onwards.
In the central decades of the 20th century, canned sardines led international markets and were one of the main Portuguese exports. In this work, we discuss the growth of the canning industry based on the institutions created by the New State to reorganize the industry in 1932. Unpublished primary sources, in particular the archive of the Instituto Português das Conservas de Peixe (1936-1974 ), will allow to interpret the causes and impacts of state economic coordination on the canning industry. We emphasize as a hypothesis that, despite the paradigm of autarky and economic nationalism that embodies New State, there was an effective public “export mission” based on the improvement of the quality of exports and on direct intervention in the markets. This study adopts a comparative methodology with other canning producing countries that allow us to understand the effectiveness of Portuguese economic policy and the lost opportunities in foreign markets. The comparison shows that Portuguese industry followed a pattern of international specialization with comparative advantages in international trade. Based on the case of canned products, this study aims to contribute to the historiographical debate on the impact of institutions on the growth of industries, in particular under the New State regime, the effectiveness of state economic coordination and the relations between private agents and the authoritarian regime. The text is divided into two parts. In the first, we discuss the evolution of the “export mission” over three scenarios: the thirties and trade protectionism; World War II and strategic trade; the first post-war decades and the liberalization of foreign trade. In the second, we study the evolution of the fishing and canning industries and the relationship between the State and companies based on the so-called «condicionamento industrial». The work concludes with an epilogue on the decay of industry from 1967 onwards.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Instituições económicas Estado Novo Comércio internacional Indústria de conservas