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Processos de armazenamento de energia com recurso a ar comprimido: revisão
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Resumo(s)
Tendo em conta o cenário mundial atual, no que respeita à produção de eletricidade, as energias renováveis representam um papel cada vez de maior importância, uma vez que se pretende, num futuro próximo, a independência dos combustíveis fósseis, tanto por estas fontes serem esgotáveis como pela necessidade de diminuir a emissão de gases de efeito estufa entre outros gases poluentes. Assim sendo, a percentagem de renováveis no mix energético será cada vez maior. Contudo, devido às flutuações das fontes de energia renovável, surgem alguns entraves à sua penetração na rede elétrica. Surge, assim, o armazenamento de energia elétrica, que permite tornar as energias renováveis despacháveis, armazenando a energia produzida em excesso e devolvendo-a quando é necessário, tornando assim a rede de distribuição de energia mais fiável e com melhor qualidade de energia. Descreve-se, sucintamente, as várias tecnologias de armazenamento de energia. Embora existam várias tecnologias de armazenamento de energia disponíveis, nenhuma satisfaz os parâmetros ideais – grande estado de desenvolvimento, longa vida útil, alta densidade de energia e/ou potência, alta eficiência de ciclo completo e baixos custos sem prejudicar o ambiente. Esta dissertação foca-se no armazenamento de energia em ar comprimido (AEAC). Explica os princípios de operação destes sistemas, diferenciando as diversas fases – compressão, armazenamento e expansão – e os diversos processos termodinâmicos que podem ocorrer em cada uma das fases. Fornece ainda informações sobre as centrais existentes atualmente e as que se estão a desenvolver, numa revisão atualizada. Pretende-se assim transmitir uma imagem da tecnologia AEAC existente na atualidade, que, embora fique ainda aquém das expectativas, se acredita que possa vir a ser uma tecnologia com lugar no futuro mercado de energia.
On these days, renewable energies represent a more important role on the electricity’s production, since it is intended to reduce the dependence of the fossil fuels, which are exhaustible, and diminish the emission of the polluting gases, namely the greenhouse gases. Given that, the weight of renewable energies on the energy mix is increasing day by day. However, there are some barriers to its penetration on the electrical network due to the fluctuation of its sources. In order to make the renewable energy dispatchable technologies have been created to store this energy, storing the surplus of the energy produced and making it available when it is necessary, turning the power grid more reliable and with better power quality. There are several energy storage systems, however none of them satisfies the ideal parameters - high development of state of art, long life-time, high energy and/or power density, high round trip efficiency and low costs without harming the environment. This dissertation focus on the compressed air energy storage. It explains the principles of the operation of these systems, differentiating its phases - compression, storage and expansion - and the several thermodynamic processes that can occur on each phase. It also describes the existent and in development power plants on an updated review. Hereupon, it is intended to show an image of the existent compressed air energy storage technology, which is still bellow expectations, but which is believed to become a technology with a very important role in the future energy market.
On these days, renewable energies represent a more important role on the electricity’s production, since it is intended to reduce the dependence of the fossil fuels, which are exhaustible, and diminish the emission of the polluting gases, namely the greenhouse gases. Given that, the weight of renewable energies on the energy mix is increasing day by day. However, there are some barriers to its penetration on the electrical network due to the fluctuation of its sources. In order to make the renewable energy dispatchable technologies have been created to store this energy, storing the surplus of the energy produced and making it available when it is necessary, turning the power grid more reliable and with better power quality. There are several energy storage systems, however none of them satisfies the ideal parameters - high development of state of art, long life-time, high energy and/or power density, high round trip efficiency and low costs without harming the environment. This dissertation focus on the compressed air energy storage. It explains the principles of the operation of these systems, differentiating its phases - compression, storage and expansion - and the several thermodynamic processes that can occur on each phase. It also describes the existent and in development power plants on an updated review. Hereupon, it is intended to show an image of the existent compressed air energy storage technology, which is still bellow expectations, but which is believed to become a technology with a very important role in the future energy market.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2019
Palavras-chave
Armazenamento de energia Energias renováveis Ar comprimido Processos termodinâmicos Teses de mestrado - 2019