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Bioacumulação de resíduos farmacêuticos presentes no meio ambiente
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A utilização de medicamentos de uso humano e veterinário tem vindo a aumentar nas últimas décadas. Com este aumento vem a inevitável introdução de resíduos farmacêuticos no meio ambiente. Estes resíduos têm como principal origem o descarte dos medicamentos usados pelos utilizadores e pelos hospitais ou pela utilização de diferentes medicamentos nas operações de pecuária ou agricultura. Estes resíduos por sua vez vão contaminar diferentes ecossistemas transportados pelos sistemas de esgotos, onde na maioria dos casos as infraestruturas de tratamento dos resíduos urbanos não estão equipadas para reterem este tipo de resíduos.
Nos últimos anos a comunidade científica tem-se focado principalmente na presença, no meio ambiente, dos seguintes grupos de medicamentos: analgésicos e anti-inflamatórios, hormonas esteroides, anti-hipertensivos, antidepressivos e antibióticos. Em todos os estudos que englobam estes diferentes grupos de fármacos e se focaram na sua presença, bioacumulação e toxicidade no meio ambiente foi concluído que não existem sérios riscos para o ser humano. No caso dos riscos para os restantes seres vivos animais e vegetais, as consequências variam bastante consoante o princípio ativo em questão, o ser vivo afetado e as características do meio ambiente onde se encontra. Em todos os grupos de medicamentos estudados foram observadas alterações e consequências negativas resultantes da sua bioacumulação nos diferente seres vivos. No entanto estes estudos focam-se numa pequena quantidade de princípios ativos, sendo que os animais e plantas estão potencialmente expostos a centenas de diferentes resíduos farmacêuticos. É necessário que se continue a aprofundar o estudo do impacto destes resíduos, tendo em conta que se prevê que a utilização de medicamentos continue a aumentar nas próximas décadas.
Uma vez no meio ambiente a remoção dos resíduos farmacêuticos é muito complicada ou quase impossível. Assim quando o objetivo é diminuir a acumulação destes resíduos a opção mais viável passa pelo desenvolvimento e implementação de medidas que visem a prevenção da introdução dos mesmos no meio ambiente, sendo as mais viáveis e económicas as que passam pela diminuição da quantidade de medicamentos que são introduzidos nas vias de contaminação.
The usage of human and veterinary drugs has been rising for the past few decades. With this rise comes the inevitable introduction of pharmaceuticals residues in the environment. These residues come mainly from the drugs discarded by the user or hospital or by the use of different drugs in animal farming and agriculture. These residues will in turn contaminate different ecosystems carried by the sewer systems, where in most cases the infrastructures responsible for dealing with urban waste are not equipped to retain this kind of residues. In the past few years, the scientific community has focussed mainly on the presence, in the environment, of the following classes of drugs: analgesics and anti-inflammatories, steroid hormones, antihypertensives, antidepressants and antibiotics. In every study that includes this different drug classes and focused on their presence, bioaccumulation and toxicity in the environment it was concluded that no serious human risks exist. In the case of the risks for the remaining living beings, the consequences vary widely depending on the active ingredient, the affected living being and the characteristics of the environment. In every studied drug class, negative changes and consequences were observed resulting of the bioaccumulation on the different living beings. Nonetheless these studies focused on a small amount of active ingredients, being that the animals and plants are potentially exposed to hundreds of different pharmaceutical residues. It’s imperative that we deepen the studies on the impact of this residues, taking into account that usage of prescription drugs is predicted to continue rising in the decades to come. Once in the environment the removal of pharmaceutical residues is very complicated or almost impossible. So, when the aim is to decrease the accumulation of this kind of residues, the most viable option goes through the development and implementation of measures that focuses on the prevention of the introduction of these residues on the environment, the most viable and economic being the ones that decrease the amount of drugs that are introduced in the contamination pathways.
The usage of human and veterinary drugs has been rising for the past few decades. With this rise comes the inevitable introduction of pharmaceuticals residues in the environment. These residues come mainly from the drugs discarded by the user or hospital or by the use of different drugs in animal farming and agriculture. These residues will in turn contaminate different ecosystems carried by the sewer systems, where in most cases the infrastructures responsible for dealing with urban waste are not equipped to retain this kind of residues. In the past few years, the scientific community has focussed mainly on the presence, in the environment, of the following classes of drugs: analgesics and anti-inflammatories, steroid hormones, antihypertensives, antidepressants and antibiotics. In every study that includes this different drug classes and focused on their presence, bioaccumulation and toxicity in the environment it was concluded that no serious human risks exist. In the case of the risks for the remaining living beings, the consequences vary widely depending on the active ingredient, the affected living being and the characteristics of the environment. In every studied drug class, negative changes and consequences were observed resulting of the bioaccumulation on the different living beings. Nonetheless these studies focused on a small amount of active ingredients, being that the animals and plants are potentially exposed to hundreds of different pharmaceutical residues. It’s imperative that we deepen the studies on the impact of this residues, taking into account that usage of prescription drugs is predicted to continue rising in the decades to come. Once in the environment the removal of pharmaceutical residues is very complicated or almost impossible. So, when the aim is to decrease the accumulation of this kind of residues, the most viable option goes through the development and implementation of measures that focuses on the prevention of the introduction of these residues on the environment, the most viable and economic being the ones that decrease the amount of drugs that are introduced in the contamination pathways.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Bioacumulação Resíduos farmacêuticos Ambiente Mestrado integrado - 2021