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Potencial cardiovascular do ginseng
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A utilização de ginseng como planta medicinal surge há milhares de anos atrás, com destaque na prática de Medicina Tradicional do leste asiático. A raiz de ginseng tem vindo a ser cada vez mais estudada devido aos seus inúmeros benefícios medicinais, incluindo em relação ao sistema cardiovascular. A ação farmacológica do ginseng é parcialmente atribuída aos ginsenósidos, as principais substâncias ativas da raiz, que interagem com recetores do organismo humano possivelmente devido à sua semelhança estrutural com as hormonas esteroides.
Visto que o envelhecimento populacional gera um aumento da prevalência de doenças crónicas, com as doenças cardiovasculares a predominar a mortalidade e morbilidade mundialmente, é crucial que exista uma pesquisa contínua de novos fármacos. Deste modo, o estudo dos efeitos cardiovasculares do ginseng e dos seus ginsenósidos poderá ser um primeiro passo para a integração dos mesmos em novos regimes terapêuticos.
Os efeitos cardiovasculares do ginseng têm sido estudados em animais e humanos com recurso a extratos da planta ou com recurso aos ginsenósidos isolados. Estudos in vitro e in vivo demonstram que os ginsenósidos conferem um efeito cardioprotetor, principalmente contra lesões por isquemia, para além de um efeito antiarrítmico e antiplaquetário. Além disso, contribuem para o aumento da perfusão sanguínea, redução da pressão arterial e melhoria do perfil lipídico. Embora nem todos os mecanismos de ação sejam conhecidos, a maioria destes efeitos atribui-se à estimulação da síntese de óxido nítrico, bem como à regulação dos canais iónicos presentes no miocárdio e no endotélio.
Atualmente, ainda existem certas limitações relativamente aos efeitos e mecanismos cardiovasculares do ginseng, sendo que os efeitos da sua administração em humanos não são suficientemente fundamentados e não substituem os fármacos utilizados na prática clínica. Porém, a baixa prevalência de efeitos adversos e de interações medicamentosas parecem ser vantagens que justificam a continuação da sua investigação.
The use of ginseng as a medicinal plant goes back thousands of years, with emphasis on the practice of traditional East Asian medicine. Its root has been increasingly studied due to its numerous medicinal benefits, also in relation to the cardiovascular system. The pharmacological action of ginseng is parcially attributed to ginsenosides, the main active substances in the root, which interact with receptors in the human body, possibly due to their structural similarity with steroid hormones. Since the aging of the population brings with it an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases, with cardiovascular diseases predominating in both mortality and morbidity worldwide, it is crucial there is a continuous search for new drugs. Thus, the study of the cardiovascular effects of ginseng and ginsenosides could be a first step towards their integration in new therapeutic regimens. The cardiovascular effects of ginseng have been studied in animals and humans using plant extracts or using isolated ginsenosides. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that ginsenosides offer a cardioprotective effect, mainly against ischemic injuries, in addition to an antiarrhythmic and antiplatelet effect. In addition, they contribute to increased blood perfusion, reduce blood pressure and lead to an improvement in the lipid profile. Although not all mechanisms of action are known, most of these effects are attributed to the stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis, as well as the regulation of ion channels present in the myocardium and endothelium. Currently, there are still many limitations regarding the cardiovascular effects and mechanisms of ginseng, and the effects of its administration in humans is not sufficiently grounded and cannot replace the drugs used in clinical practice. However, the low prevalence of adverse effects and drug interactions seem to be advantages that justify further investigation.
The use of ginseng as a medicinal plant goes back thousands of years, with emphasis on the practice of traditional East Asian medicine. Its root has been increasingly studied due to its numerous medicinal benefits, also in relation to the cardiovascular system. The pharmacological action of ginseng is parcially attributed to ginsenosides, the main active substances in the root, which interact with receptors in the human body, possibly due to their structural similarity with steroid hormones. Since the aging of the population brings with it an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases, with cardiovascular diseases predominating in both mortality and morbidity worldwide, it is crucial there is a continuous search for new drugs. Thus, the study of the cardiovascular effects of ginseng and ginsenosides could be a first step towards their integration in new therapeutic regimens. The cardiovascular effects of ginseng have been studied in animals and humans using plant extracts or using isolated ginsenosides. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that ginsenosides offer a cardioprotective effect, mainly against ischemic injuries, in addition to an antiarrhythmic and antiplatelet effect. In addition, they contribute to increased blood perfusion, reduce blood pressure and lead to an improvement in the lipid profile. Although not all mechanisms of action are known, most of these effects are attributed to the stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis, as well as the regulation of ion channels present in the myocardium and endothelium. Currently, there are still many limitations regarding the cardiovascular effects and mechanisms of ginseng, and the effects of its administration in humans is not sufficiently grounded and cannot replace the drugs used in clinical practice. However, the low prevalence of adverse effects and drug interactions seem to be advantages that justify further investigation.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2021, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Ginseng Ginsenósidos Função cardiovascular Óxido nítrico Canais iónicos Mestrado Integrado - 2023