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Nesta monografia é abordado o conceito de pressão arterial e a importância do seu
controlo, isto porque este mecanismo fisiológico é de extrema importância para a
manutenção da homeostasia corporal e interfere com muitos outros mecanismos. A
pressão arterial quando não controlada torna-se também na chave para o
desenvolvimento de hipertensão.
Nesse sentido, descreve-se também o conceito de hipertensão e a sua importância, na
medida que, pode desencadear o desenvolvimento de outras patologias potencialmente
fatais, nomeadamente doenças cardiovasculares. Para além disso, é feita a sua
classificação, distinguido-se a hipertensão de origem secundária, onde a causa é
identificável e o tratamento da causa leva ao desparecimento da hipertensão; e a
hipertensão de origem desconhecida (hipertensão primária ou essencial), onde a
etiologia está mais associada a causas genéticas e multifatoriais.
Posteriormente, é realizada uma análise epidemiológica, isto porque é uma doença que
ataca milhões de pessoas no mundo e é um dos principais contribuidores para
mortalidade mundial. Seguidamente, são analisados os mecanismos fisiopatológicos
associados a esta doença, dando destaque ao sistema nervoso simpático, eixo Renina Angiotensina-Aldosterona, endotélio e sistema renal.
No que diz respeito ao tratamento, é feita uma breve abordagem às medidas terapêuticas
não farmacológicas, mas dado mais ênfase à terapêutica farmacológica atual;
descrevendo as classes farmacológicas mais utilizadas (inibidores da enzima
conversora da angiotensina/antagonistas do receptor da angiotensina II, bloqueadores
beta-adrenérgicos, bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio e diuréticos), assim como, as
normas atuais da prática clínica onde estes fármacos se encontram inseridos.
Finalmente, neste artigo de revisão bibliográfica são identificadas sete espécies de
plantas (Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Nigella sativa, Hibiscus sabdariffa,
Zingiber officinale, Coptis chinensis, Rauwolfia serpentina) com potenciais benefícios
na terapêutica da hipertensão. Estas espécies são analisadas de forma a identificar os
seus mecanismos de ação, a sua eficácia e segurança, tendo por base estudos já
publicados.
This monograph addresses the concept of blood pressure and the importance of its control, because this physiological mechanism is extremely important for the maintenance of body homeostasis and interferes with many other mechanisms. Blood pressure when uncontrolled also becomes the key to the development of hypertension. In this sense, the concept of hypertension and its importance are described below, as it can trigger the development of other potentially fatal pathologies, namely cardiovascular diseases. In addition, this disease is classified in its two categories, distinguishing hypertension of secondary origin, where the cause is identifiable and the treatment of the cause leads to the disappearance of the disease; and hypertension of unknown origin (primary or essential hypertension), where the etiology is highly associated with genetic and multifactorial causes. Subsequently, an epidemiological analysis is carried out, because this is a disease that affects millions of people around the world and is one of the main contributors to global mortality. Then, the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with this disease are analyzed, emphasizing the role of the sympathetic nervous system, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone system, endothelium and renal system. With regard to treatment, a brief approach is given to non-pharmacological therapeutic measures, but more emphasis is given to current pharmacological treatments; describing the most used pharmacological classes (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor antagonists, beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers and diuretics), as well as the current norms of clinical practice where these drugs are inserted in. Finally, this literature review article identifies seven plant species (Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Nigella sativa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Zingiber officinale, Coptis chinensis, Rauwolfia serpentina) with potential benefits in the treatment of hypertension. These species are analyzed in order to identify their mechanisms of action, their efficacy and safety, based on previously published studies.
This monograph addresses the concept of blood pressure and the importance of its control, because this physiological mechanism is extremely important for the maintenance of body homeostasis and interferes with many other mechanisms. Blood pressure when uncontrolled also becomes the key to the development of hypertension. In this sense, the concept of hypertension and its importance are described below, as it can trigger the development of other potentially fatal pathologies, namely cardiovascular diseases. In addition, this disease is classified in its two categories, distinguishing hypertension of secondary origin, where the cause is identifiable and the treatment of the cause leads to the disappearance of the disease; and hypertension of unknown origin (primary or essential hypertension), where the etiology is highly associated with genetic and multifactorial causes. Subsequently, an epidemiological analysis is carried out, because this is a disease that affects millions of people around the world and is one of the main contributors to global mortality. Then, the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with this disease are analyzed, emphasizing the role of the sympathetic nervous system, Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone system, endothelium and renal system. With regard to treatment, a brief approach is given to non-pharmacological therapeutic measures, but more emphasis is given to current pharmacological treatments; describing the most used pharmacological classes (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor antagonists, beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers and diuretics), as well as the current norms of clinical practice where these drugs are inserted in. Finally, this literature review article identifies seven plant species (Allium sativum, Coriandrum sativum, Nigella sativa, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Zingiber officinale, Coptis chinensis, Rauwolfia serpentina) with potential benefits in the treatment of hypertension. These species are analyzed in order to identify their mechanisms of action, their efficacy and safety, based on previously published studies.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2022, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Pressão arterial Plantas medicinais Hipertensão Fitoterapia Mecanismos de ação Mestrado Integrado - 2022
