Vala, JorgePereira, Cícero Roberto2018-12-102018-12-102018Vala, J., Pereira, C. R. (2018). Racisms and normative pressures: a new outbreak of biological racism? In Lobo, M. C., Silva, F. C. da, Zúquete, J. P. (Eds.), Changing societies: legacies and challenges. Vol. 2. Citizenship in crisis, pp. 217-248. Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciências Sociais978-972-671-504-7http://hdl.handle.net/10451/35739Racism is a core topic in research on citizenship in contemporary societies, mainly regarding discrimination and the denial of civil rights. This paper presents the main lines of a research programme on racism in contemporary Europe, and its impact on social relations in diverse societies. Previous and new empirical research is presented. This research is framed by the concepts of social representation and social norms, with the metaphor of racism as an evolving virus being used to explain its mutations in contemporary societies.engRacismSocial representationbook part10.31447/ics9789726715047.09