Simões, Manuela Rodrigues BrancoKerdelhué, CaroleBurban, ChristianRocha, Susana Cristina Machado2018-05-082018-05-082018Rocha, S.C.M. - Genetic and ecological consequences of a shifted phenology in a forest defoliator. Lisboa: ISA, 2018, 148 p.http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15333Doutoramento em Engenharia Florestal e dos Recursos Naturais - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaThaumetopoea pityocampa is a major pine defoliatior over the Mediterranean Basin. An atypical population with a shifted phenology, ongoing an allochronic differentiation process, was recently discovered in Mata Nacional Leiria, Portugal. The shifted population reproduces in spring achieving its larval development during summer (SP), whereas the sympatric typical population reproduces in summer and has winter larval development (WP). They are reproductively isolated through time, although sharing the same space and host species. General objectives of this work were to characterize the current and potential distribution range of this population, its spatial/temporal genetic and demographic patterns, and ecological adaptations. Field monitoring of presence/absence of SP nests throughout Leiria showed that it is expanding to North and South. Current distribution is restricted to coastal areas, along ca. 120 x 20 km area. Distribution models predict that its distribution will be restricted to coastal areas, due to unsuitable climate inland, being the maximal temperatures of the summer months the main constraint. A phylogeographic study confirmed high SP differentiation from other Portuguese populations. A spatio-temporal sampling along two geographic transects in Leiria zone revealed high stability in time of the genetic composition and structure. A striking demographic result showed that SP tends to apparently displace the WP from the coastal zones suggesting a possible competition phenomenon. Gene flow between the two populations was shown to remain low, even if some SP males actually emerge late. Ecological differentiation was assessed at egg and larval stages. The effect of a wide range of high temperatures on egg survival and development showed higher performances of the SP. Furthermore, SP larvae showed a better ability to cope with host plant water stress, evidencing adaptation to summer feeding activity. This study highlights intra-specific variations on the response of this insect to environmental constraints evidencing ecological adaptation following allochronic differentiationengallochronyclimate changegeneticsspecies distribution modelsThaumetopoea pityocampadoctoral thesis101556365