Perelson, Alan S.Ribeiro, Ruy M.2020-12-022020-12-022018Immunol Rev. 2018;285:5-80105-2896http://hdl.handle.net/10451/45063Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Infectious agents, such as HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), malaria, and influenza remain significant public health threats, with ~41 million people chronically infected by HIV, ~331 million infected by HBV, ~148 million infected by HCV, and ~351 million cases of malaria, according to the Global Burden of Disease 2013 study. In addition, threats of new influenza pandemics or emerging viruses, such as Ebola and Zika, have created alarm in the United States and in many parts of the world. Despite intensive research efforts by public and private institutions, there are still no vaccines for HIV, HCV, malaria, Ebola, Zika, and many other pathogens. Even though there has been enormous progress with antiviral therapies for chronic infections, we are still unable to cure HIV and HBV, and life‐long treatment is needed.engjournal article10.1111/imr.127001600-065X