Cardoso, Ana RuteMorin, Louis-Philippe2025-07-312025-07-312024Cardoso, A. R., Morin, L.-P. (2024). War-Driven Permanent Emigration, Sex Ratios, and Female Labor Force Participation. Journal of Human Resources, Vol 59, Issue 1 (Published online before print October 06, 2023, 0522-12339R2http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/102577We investigate the drivers of female labor force participation in the presence of unbalanced sex ratios due to a scarcity of males. To do so, we exploit exogenous variation in sex ratios across cohorts and regions, using instruments based on massive emigration in the 1960s that was fueled by the Portuguese Colonial War. As the sex ratio declined, female labor force participation increased, while the marriage rate was una ected. Female representation among top occupations increased, and the gender pay gap declined, consistent with the predominance of a demand shock favoring female labor.engLabor force participationpay gapsex ratiojournal article10.3368/jhr.0522-12339R2