Duarte, José PintoBártolo, HelenaBártolo, PauloCraveiro, Flávio2023-07-212024-02-012020-01CRAVEIRO, Flávio Gabriel da Silva - Automated multi-material fabrication of buildings. - FA, 2020. Tese de Doutoramento.http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/28042Tese de doutoramento, Arquitetura (Desenho e Computação), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2020Architects and engineers are under increasing pressure to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) sector, reducing environmental impacts, material use and costs. Resource efficiency, based on a circular economy strategy, considers an efficient use of energy, natural resources, and materials. The integration of digital technologies into construction processes will allow for a greater flexibility in design and customization, as well the emergence of complex shapes and new materials. In recent years, the interest in developing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies in the AEC has increased, though traditional AM technologies are limited to the design and fabrication of physical components with homogeneous material properties, assuring structural safety but with no efficient use of material resources. To overcome these limitations, an AM system was developed for automated fabrication, enabling the fabrication of heterogeneous composite materials with varying material distribution, simulating nature’s structural behavior. The aim is to design and fabricate functionally graded building components with increased performance. A design system, developed in grasshopper, was designed to generate the material composition variation and control the fabrication equipment. The user interface allows creating single or multi-material building components with pore size or material gradients, permitting to design the material in response to thermo-mechanical requirements, optimizing its performance. A multi-pump robot equipment was developed to produce the generated heterogeneous building components. It was necessary to develop printable materials to enable additive fabrication, so experimental work was carried out to assess the mechanical and thermal properties of fiber cement-based concrete mixtures containing cork, basalt and other residual waste. Different percentages of cork were used, as it is a natural and sustainable lightweight raw material, completely biodegradable, renewable, and recyclable. Results show that concrete mixtures with higher quantities of cork have lower thermal conductivity compared to the ones with less percentage or no cork, as well a significant reduction in material weight. The potential use of an AM system to produce printable functionally graded lightweight concretes can be an efficient solution to reduce energy costs and provide thermal comfort for building users.engImpressão 3DFabricação AditivaImpressão de betãoCortiçaMateriais com gradiente funcional3D PrintingAdditive ManufacturingConcrete PrintingCorkFunctionally Graded Materialsdoctoral thesis101625561