Pina, FernandoAlejo-Armijo, AlfonsoClemente, AdelaideMendoza, JohanSeco, AndréBasílio, NunoParola, António Jorge2021-07-272021-07-272021-04-07Pina, F.; Alejo-Armijo, A.; Clemente, A.; Mendoza, J.; Seco, A.; Basílio, N.; Parola, A.J. Evolution of Flavylium-Based Color Systems in Plants: What Physical Chemistry Can Tell Us. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 3833. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22083833http://hdl.handle.net/10451/49162Anthocyanins are the basis of the color of angiosperms, 3-deoxyanthocyanins and sphagnorubin play the same role in mosses and ferns, and auronidins are responsible for the color in liverworts. In this study, the color system of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (kuromanin) as a representative compound of simpler anthocyanins was fully characterized by stopped flow. This type of anthocyanin cannot confer significant color to plants without intra- or intermolecular interactions, complexation with metals or supramolecular structures as in Commelina communis. The anthocyanin's color system was compared with those of 3-deoxyanthocyanins and riccionidin A, the aglycone of auronidins. The three systems follow the same sequence of chemical reactions, but the respective thermodynamics and kinetics are dramatically different.engAlgorithmsAnthocyaninsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationKineticsModels, ChemicalPigments, BiologicalThermodynamicsColorPlantsjournal article10.3390/ijms22083833