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O direito à nacionalidade surge no presente consagrado como um direito humano no quadro do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, apresentando-se expressamente previsto em instrumentos internacionais convencionais quer de âmbito universal, quer de âmbito regional, bem como, mostra-se consagrado em inúmeras Constituições como um direito fundamental. Contudo, nem sempre foi assim, e a história da nacionalidade iniciada com a cidadania na Grécia clássica, fundada nas então Cidades-Estados e, posteriormente, no período do Império Romano, em que o surgimento da cidadania romana num primeiro momento apenas era deferida a alguns para, num segundo momento, assumir um carácter mais generalizado, só com o nascimento do Estado-nação conquistaria um estatuto jurídico que se encontra na génese do conceito moderno de nacionalidade e que se distingue, pelo menos no panorama internacional, do conceito de cidadania, ainda que, hodiernamente, ambos os conceitos acabem por consistir no verso e reverso de uma realidade jurídica de acentuada amplitude, uma vez que as suas projecções reflectem-se quer a nível internacional, quer no quadro dos ordenamentos jurídicos estaduais. Aliás, só a nacionalidade enquanto vínculo jurídico que liga um determinado indivíduo ao Estado de que é nacional, assume particular relevância no plano internacional no tocante à protecção diplomática, e confere ao mesmo todo um feixe de direitos cujo exercício depende (ou pode depender) da verificação prévia daquele direito primogénito, justamente na esteira da formulação de ANNA HARENDT, que se traduz no “direito a ter direitos”. Entre as diversas razões que podem ser invocadas a título de justificação pela selecção do presente tema, acreditamos que pelo simples facto da realidade presente evidenciar-se de tal modo recheada de questões relacionadas com a imigração e os refugiados (lamentavelmente, por motivos tantas vezes susceptíveis de provocarem as maiores perplexidades), a tónica da nacionalidade, hoje mais do que nunca, traduz-se num tema candente, actual e de profundo impacto na vida de muitos seres humanos quer em termos sócio-económicos, quer em termos político-sociais. Destarte, no quadro do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos, o direito a uma nacionalidade constitui indelevelmente um direito de primeira grandeza, um direito que se impõe como concretização e respeito pela dignidade que inere a qualquer pessoa humana.
The right to nationality emerges as a human right in the context of international human rights law, expressly provided for in conventional international instruments, both universal and regional, as well as shown in numerous Constitutions as a fundamental right. However, this was not always the case, and the history of nationality that began with citizenship in classical Greece, founded in the then City-States and later in the period of the Roman Empire, in which the emergence of Roman citizenship at first was only deferred some, in a second moment, to assume a more generalized character, only with the birth of the nation-state would it gain a legal status that is in the genesis of the modern concept of nationality and that is distinguished, at least in the international panorama, from the concept of citizenship although both concepts today consist in the reverse and reverse of a wide-ranging legal reality, as their projections are reflected both internationally and within the framework of state legal systems. Indeed, only nationality as a legal link between a particular individual and the State of which he is a national assumes particular relevance at international level with regard to diplomatic protection, and gives it a whole bundle of rights whose exercise depends (or may depend) on prior verification of that firstborn right, precisely in the wake of the formulation of ANNA HARENDT, which translates into the “right to have rights”. Among the various reasons which may be invoked as justifications for selecting this topic, we believe that simply because the present reality is so full of immigration and refugee issues (unfortunately, for reasons so often susceptible to provoking the greatest perplexities), the emphasis of nationality, today more than ever, translates into a burning theme, current and of profound impact on the lives of many human beings, both in socio-economic terms and in political-social terms. Thus, in the context of international human rights law, the right to a nationality is indelibly a right of first magnitude, a right which is imposed as a realization and respect for the dignity inherent in any human person.
The right to nationality emerges as a human right in the context of international human rights law, expressly provided for in conventional international instruments, both universal and regional, as well as shown in numerous Constitutions as a fundamental right. However, this was not always the case, and the history of nationality that began with citizenship in classical Greece, founded in the then City-States and later in the period of the Roman Empire, in which the emergence of Roman citizenship at first was only deferred some, in a second moment, to assume a more generalized character, only with the birth of the nation-state would it gain a legal status that is in the genesis of the modern concept of nationality and that is distinguished, at least in the international panorama, from the concept of citizenship although both concepts today consist in the reverse and reverse of a wide-ranging legal reality, as their projections are reflected both internationally and within the framework of state legal systems. Indeed, only nationality as a legal link between a particular individual and the State of which he is a national assumes particular relevance at international level with regard to diplomatic protection, and gives it a whole bundle of rights whose exercise depends (or may depend) on prior verification of that firstborn right, precisely in the wake of the formulation of ANNA HARENDT, which translates into the “right to have rights”. Among the various reasons which may be invoked as justifications for selecting this topic, we believe that simply because the present reality is so full of immigration and refugee issues (unfortunately, for reasons so often susceptible to provoking the greatest perplexities), the emphasis of nationality, today more than ever, translates into a burning theme, current and of profound impact on the lives of many human beings, both in socio-economic terms and in political-social terms. Thus, in the context of international human rights law, the right to a nationality is indelibly a right of first magnitude, a right which is imposed as a realization and respect for the dignity inherent in any human person.
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Direito internacional Nacionalidade Cidadania Direitos humanos Teses de mestrado - 2022