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Muerte y ritual en el Neolítico del noroeste ibérico: El megalitismo y otras manifestaciones del comportamiento funerario de las sociedades de los milenios V y IV a.C. en la región cantábrica y Galicia
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El noroeste de la península ibérica es un ámbito geográfico particularmente interesante para estudiar la evolución del comportamiento funerario durante el Neolítico. Desde el mismo proceso de neolitización se observan transformaciones muy relevantes en el registro sepulcral. Los cazadores-recolectores del VI milenio cal BC realizaban inhumaciones individuales en cuevas, en ocasiones agrupadas. Sin embargo, en la primera mitad del V milenio, en un contexto de continuidad con el Mesolítico final, se observa un brusco abandono de estas prácticas. Los testimonios del comportamiento funerario en esta fase se limitan a algunos restos humanos aislados en cueva. En el segundo tercio del V milenio se inicia en toda la región la construcción de monumentos megalíticos. Estos, no obstante, muestran una gran variabilidad regional, y en algunos casos ciertas evidencias de continuidad con la tradición mesolítica, sugiriendo que la adopción del megalitismo se debe considerar como una serie variada y heterogénea de interpretaciones del nuevo universo funerario por parte de comunidades neolíticas diversas. En torno a 4000 cal BC se produce en el NO peninsular una verdadera explosión del fenómeno megalítico. La región se cubre de millares de monumentos, configurando un auténtico paisaje simbólico. El registro funerario del IV milenio cal BC presenta una enorme complejidad. Destaquemos entre sus rasgos más sobresalientes el desarrollo de construcciones megalíticas más convencionales, como cámaras ortostáticas o sepulcros de corredor, la destacada presencia de expresión gráfica en el interior de las cámaras o los indicios de relaciones a larga distancia, de los que son un ejemplo particularmente notorio la presencia en los ajuares de hachas pulimentadas en rocas exóticas. No obstante, los dólmenes no eran la única opción para disponer de los cuerpos de los difuntos, pues hay evidencia de otras prácticas, como la utilización de cuevas sepulcrales.
The Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula can be considered a particularly interesting area for the study of the evolution of the funerary behaviour during the Neolithic. Since the very process of transition from the Mesolithic, outstanding changes in the sepulchral record can be observed. The 6th millennium cal BC hunter-gatherers produced individual, occasionally clustered, burials in caves. Yet during the first half of the 5th millennium, in a cultural context of continuity with the late Mesolithic, a sharp abandonment of those practices can be observed. The evidence of funerary behaviour in this stage is limited to some loose human remains in caves. Building of megalithic monuments starts along the region during the second third of the 5th millennium. However, they display a large regional variability and, in some cases, indices of continuity with the Mesolithic tradition, suggesting that the adoption of megalithism should be considered to be the result of varied and heterogeneous interpretations of the new funerary realm by diverse Neolithic communities. Around 4000 cal BC a real explosion of the megalithic phenomenon occurred in Northwestern Iberia. The region was covered by thousands of monuments, shaping a real symbolic landscape. The funerary record of the 4th millennium cal BC is particularly complex. Let us highlight the development of more conventional megalithic buildings such as polygonal dolmens or passage graves, the outstanding presence of pieces of graphic expression in the inside of the chambers, or the evidence of long distance contacts, of which a particularly noticeable example are the presence among the grave goods of polished axes made in exotic rocks. However, dolmens were not the only option to dispose of the deceased’s bodies, as evidence of other practices, such as the use of burial caves, exists.
The Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula can be considered a particularly interesting area for the study of the evolution of the funerary behaviour during the Neolithic. Since the very process of transition from the Mesolithic, outstanding changes in the sepulchral record can be observed. The 6th millennium cal BC hunter-gatherers produced individual, occasionally clustered, burials in caves. Yet during the first half of the 5th millennium, in a cultural context of continuity with the late Mesolithic, a sharp abandonment of those practices can be observed. The evidence of funerary behaviour in this stage is limited to some loose human remains in caves. Building of megalithic monuments starts along the region during the second third of the 5th millennium. However, they display a large regional variability and, in some cases, indices of continuity with the Mesolithic tradition, suggesting that the adoption of megalithism should be considered to be the result of varied and heterogeneous interpretations of the new funerary realm by diverse Neolithic communities. Around 4000 cal BC a real explosion of the megalithic phenomenon occurred in Northwestern Iberia. The region was covered by thousands of monuments, shaping a real symbolic landscape. The funerary record of the 4th millennium cal BC is particularly complex. Let us highlight the development of more conventional megalithic buildings such as polygonal dolmens or passage graves, the outstanding presence of pieces of graphic expression in the inside of the chambers, or the evidence of long distance contacts, of which a particularly noticeable example are the presence among the grave goods of polished axes made in exotic rocks. However, dolmens were not the only option to dispose of the deceased’s bodies, as evidence of other practices, such as the use of burial caves, exists.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Simbolismo Neolitización Arqueología de la Muerte Península Ibérica Symbolism Neolithisation Archaeology of Death Iberian Peninsula
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Arias, P., & Cubas, M. (2018). Muerte y ritual en el Neolítico del noroeste ibérico: El megalitismo y otras manifestaciones del comportamiento funerario de las sociedades de los milenios V y IV a.C. en la región cantábrica y Galicia. In J. C. Senna-Martínez, M. Diniz, & A. F. Carvalho (Eds.), De Gibraltar aos Pirenéus - Megalitismo, Vida e Morte na Fachada Atlântica Peninsular (pp. 133-154). Nelas: Fundação Lapa do Lobo / UNIARQ - Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa / CEAACP - Universidade do Algarve.