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Ocean-Floor Sediments as a Resource of Rare Earth Elements: An Overview of Recently Studied Sites

2021-01-30Journal article Open access
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dc.contributor.authorMilinovic, Jelena
dc.contributor.authorRodrigues, Francisco J. L.
dc.contributor.authorBarriga, Fernando J A S
dc.contributor.authorMurton, Bramley J.
dc.date.accessioned2022-03-02T12:39:30Z
dc.date.available2022-03-02T12:39:30Z
dc.date.issued2021-01-30
dc.description.abstractThe rare earth elements (REE), comprising 15 elements of the lanthanum series (La-Lu) together with yttrium (Y) and scandium (Sc), have become of particular interest because of their use, for example, in modern communications, renewable energy generation, and the electrification of transport. However, the security of supply of REE is considered to be at risk due to the limited number of sources, with dependence largely on one supplier that produced approximately 63% of all REE in 2019. As a result, there is a growing need to diversify supply. This has resulted in the drive to seek new resources elsewhere, and particularly on the deep-ocean floor. Here, we give a summary of REE distribution in minerals, versatile applications, and an update of their economic value. We present the most typical onshore methods for the determination of REE and examine methods for their offshore exploration in near real time. The motivation for this comes from recent studies over the past decade that showed ΣREE concentrations as high as 22,000 ppm in ocean-floor sediments in the Pacific Ocean. The ocean-floor sediments are evaluated in terms of their potential as resources of REE, while the likely economic cost and environmental impacts of deep-sea mining these are also considered.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/min11020142pt_PT
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10451/51567
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherMDPIpt_PT
dc.relationBreakthrough Solutions for the Sustainable Exploration and Extraction of Deep Sea Mineral Resources
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectOcean-floor miningpt_PT
dc.subjectOcean-floor sedimentspt_PT
dc.subjectRare earth elementspt_PT
dc.titleOcean-Floor Sediments as a Resource of Rare Earth Elements: An Overview of Recently Studied Sitespt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.awardTitleBreakthrough Solutions for the Sustainable Exploration and Extraction of Deep Sea Mineral Resources
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/5876/UID%2FGEO%2F50019%2F2013/PT
oaire.awardURIinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/604500/EU
oaire.citation.issue2pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage142pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleMineralspt_PT
oaire.citation.volume11pt_PT
oaire.fundingStream5876
oaire.fundingStreamFP7
person.familyNameBarriga
person.givenNameFernando
person.identifier.ciencia-id3810-BE62-636B
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-2750-3356
person.identifier.ridA-5527-2013
person.identifier.scopus-author-id7003653867
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871
project.funder.identifierhttp://doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
project.funder.nameFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
project.funder.nameEuropean Commission
rcaap.rightsopenAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoverye25d2e5e-4ce5-4f51-b3a9-3945f4655a1d
relation.isProjectOfPublication54ea4bcc-fe9d-41b3-b481-4b430eec469c
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relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscovery54ea4bcc-fe9d-41b3-b481-4b430eec469c

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