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Comparação entre carro elétrico e carro convencional em ciclo de vida
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O principal objetivo desta dissertação é analisar os impactos energéticos e ambientais dos veículos
elétricos (EVs) em comparação com os veículos convencionais com motor de combustão interna
(ICEVs), para o consumo energético e emissões de GEE. O estudo foca-se nos veículos Renault Clio
TCe100 (Gasolina), Renault Clio dCi 85 (Diesel), Nissan Leaf (edição de 2020) e Nissan Leaf e+
(edição de 2020).
Foi realizada uma avaliação abrangente do ciclo de vida (LCA), cobrindo as fases Well-to-Tank
(WTT), Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) e o ciclo de vida dos materiais (MLC).
Diversos cenários foram avaliados, incluindo um cenário padrão (PDR), um cenário de materiais
100% reciclados (REC), um cenário de vida útil de 300.000 km, um cenário de energia 100%
renovável (REW) e uma projeção para o ano 2050. O cenário REW demonstrou as reduções mais
significativas nas emissões de CO2 para os EVs, alcançando uma diminuição de 63-69% em
comparação com os ICEVs.
O cenário padrão (PDR) resultou nas menores reduções de emissões. Neste cenário, o Nissan Leaf
registou emissões de 122 gCO2/km, representando uma redução de 31% em comparação com o ICEV
a gasolina (176 gCO2/km) e de 28% em comparação com o ICEV a diesel (169 gCO2/km). O Nissan
Leaf+ apresentou emissões de 134 gCO2/km, refletindo reduções de 24% e 20% em comparação com
os ICEVs a gasolina e diesel, respetivamente.
O estudo conclui que, embora a extensão da vida útil dos veículos e a utilização de materiais
reciclados proporcionem benefícios ambientais significativos, a adoção de energias renováveis e os
avanços tecnológicos são essenciais para alcançar reduções substanciais nas emissões de gases com
efeito de estufa.
The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the energy and environmental impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto. The study focuses on the Renault Clio TCe100 (gasoline), Renault Clio dCi 85 (diesel), Nissan Leaf (2020 edition), and Nissan Leaf e+ (2020 edition), selected based on their sales figures in Portugal in 2019. A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted, covering the Well-to-Tank (WTT), Tank-to-Wheel (TTW), and Materials Life Cycle (MLC) stages. Several scenarios were evaluated, including a standard scenario (PDR), a 100% recycled materials scenario (REC), a 300,000 km lifetime scenario, a 100% renewable energy scenario (REW), and a projection for the year 2050. The REW scenario demonstrated the most significant reductions in CO2 emissions for EVs, achieving a 63-69% decrease compared to ICEVs. In contrast, the standard scenario (PDR) resulted in the smallest reductions in emissions. Under this scenario, the Nissan Leaf recorded emissions of 122 gCO2/km, representing a 31% reduction compared to the gasoline ICEV (176 gCO2/km) and a 28% reduction compared to the diesel ICEV (169 gCO2/km). The Nissan Leaf+ exhibited emissions of 134 gCO2/km, reflecting reductions of 24% and 20% compared to the gasoline and diesel ICEVs, respectively. The study concludes that, while extending vehicle lifespan and utilizing recycled materials provides notable environmental benefits, the adoption of renewable energy and advancements in technology is crucial for achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the energy and environmental impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto. The study focuses on the Renault Clio TCe100 (gasoline), Renault Clio dCi 85 (diesel), Nissan Leaf (2020 edition), and Nissan Leaf e+ (2020 edition), selected based on their sales figures in Portugal in 2019. A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted, covering the Well-to-Tank (WTT), Tank-to-Wheel (TTW), and Materials Life Cycle (MLC) stages. Several scenarios were evaluated, including a standard scenario (PDR), a 100% recycled materials scenario (REC), a 300,000 km lifetime scenario, a 100% renewable energy scenario (REW), and a projection for the year 2050. The REW scenario demonstrated the most significant reductions in CO2 emissions for EVs, achieving a 63-69% decrease compared to ICEVs. In contrast, the standard scenario (PDR) resulted in the smallest reductions in emissions. Under this scenario, the Nissan Leaf recorded emissions of 122 gCO2/km, representing a 31% reduction compared to the gasoline ICEV (176 gCO2/km) and a 28% reduction compared to the diesel ICEV (169 gCO2/km). The Nissan Leaf+ exhibited emissions of 134 gCO2/km, reflecting reductions of 24% and 20% compared to the gasoline and diesel ICEVs, respectively. The study concludes that, while extending vehicle lifespan and utilizing recycled materials provides notable environmental benefits, the adoption of renewable energy and advancements in technology is crucial for achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
Descrição
Tese de Mestrado, Engenharia da Energia e Ambiente, 2024, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências
Palavras-chave
Veículos elétricos Veículos com motor de combustão interna Avaliação do ciclo de vida Emissões de gases com efeito de estufa Ciclo de vida dos materiais Teses de mestrado - 2024