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Com o aumento do consumo energético, a necessidade de massificar novos vetores e métodos de armazenamento cresce proporcionalmente. O hidrogénio é uma aposta para preencher ambas essas lacunas, desde a sua alta eficiência na produção de energia através de células de combustível e sistemas de cogeração cujos rendimentos podem chegar aos 60% e aos 95% respetivamente. Quanto ao armazenamento, torna-se um potencial concorrente às baterias de lítio devido à crescente escassez deste recurso e dificuldades na sua reciclagem. Contudo, a obtenção de hidrogénio baseia-se atualmente em steam reforming de gás natural e, por este motivo, desenvolver formas limpas para o obter torna-se essencial. A eletrólise da água é o método mais viável pela facilidade em ter água e eletricidade disponível. No entanto, os elétrodos usados para esta reação são de metais nobres dispendiosos como a platina, o irídio e o ruténio. Neste sentido, explorar elétrodos de metais menos dispendiosos para disseminar este processo torna-se essencial. A vantagem de utilizar o níquel em espuma vem do grande aumento da área de contacto com a solução. Neste trabalho será focado a eletrólise alcalina, mas estes materiais também são viáveis para a acídica. Contudo, mesmo em espuma, este metal não se aproxima dos metais nobres e, com uma eletrodeposição de elementos igualmente baratos, aumenta-se significativamente a troca eletrónica. Verifica-se que a modificação por eletrodeposição de NiFe-P é mais eficiente entre os trabalhos reportados na bibliografia. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que existe uma melhoria significativa em utilizar NiFe-P eletrodepositado em Ni-foam. No entanto, permanecem dúvidas quanto às diferenças entre várias áreas de superfície usadas e na durabilidade da eletrodeposição na base de níquel. Entre os dois materiais verifica-se um ganho entre 0,131 e 0,156 V (V vs. RHE) entre 1 e 2,2 mA/cm2 respetivamente para a reação de evolução do oxigénio. Na reação de hidrogénio apenas se tem ganhos maiores de 0,1 V vs RHE a partir de -7,5 mA/cm2. Apesar do ganho ser muito mais acentuado a densidades de corrente mais baixas, torna-se mais constante depois deste valor com uma taxa de crescimento mais baixa. Contudo a reacção de hidrogénio não se encontra tão limitada a um intervalo de densidade de corrente tão curto quanto a do oxigénio para a obtenção de ganhos de tensão significativos.
With the growth of energy consumption, the need to explore new vectors and storage methods grows proportionally. Hydrogen is an option to full-fill both those needs, since it can be used to produce energy with high efficiency using fuel cells and cogeneration systems, which can achieve efficiencies of 60% and 95% respectively. Hydrogen storage can be a potential adversary to lithium batteries due to the growing scarcity of this resource, and difficulties in recycling. Nowadays, most of the hydrogen is made through steam reforming of natural gas, therefore it is essential to develop clean methods to obtain it. Water electrolysis can be a viable method to produce hydrogen, because of the abundance of water and electricity availability. However, the electrodes used for this reaction are usually contain noble metals such as platinum, iridium and ruthenium. As such, exploring less costly electrode materials is essential for the large-scale dissemination of the process. The advantage in using nickel in foam form is the large increase of the surface in contact with the solution. This dissertation will focus on the alkaline electrolysis, although these materials are appropriate for the acidic electrolysis too. However, even in foam, these metals do not present the same benefits as the noble ones, which is why electrodepositing equally inexpensive elements can increase the electronic exchange. The electrodeposition of NiFe-P is reported as being one of the most efficient modification. The results confirm that there is a significant improvement in using NiFe-P electrodeposited on Ni-foam. Questions remain about the differences between different surface areas used and in the durability of the electrodeposition on the Ni-foam, though. When comparing the two materials, there is a gain between 0.131 e 1.156 V vs. RHE between 1 and 2.2 mA/cm2 respectively for the oxygen reaction. For the hydrogen reaction, the enhancement is only slightly above 0.1 V vs. RHE at -7.5 mA/cm2. Although the gain is greater at lower current densities, they become more stable after it with a smaller growth rate. However, the potential gain of the hydrogen reaction is not limited to a small range of current densities with significant profit as the oxygen reaction.
With the growth of energy consumption, the need to explore new vectors and storage methods grows proportionally. Hydrogen is an option to full-fill both those needs, since it can be used to produce energy with high efficiency using fuel cells and cogeneration systems, which can achieve efficiencies of 60% and 95% respectively. Hydrogen storage can be a potential adversary to lithium batteries due to the growing scarcity of this resource, and difficulties in recycling. Nowadays, most of the hydrogen is made through steam reforming of natural gas, therefore it is essential to develop clean methods to obtain it. Water electrolysis can be a viable method to produce hydrogen, because of the abundance of water and electricity availability. However, the electrodes used for this reaction are usually contain noble metals such as platinum, iridium and ruthenium. As such, exploring less costly electrode materials is essential for the large-scale dissemination of the process. The advantage in using nickel in foam form is the large increase of the surface in contact with the solution. This dissertation will focus on the alkaline electrolysis, although these materials are appropriate for the acidic electrolysis too. However, even in foam, these metals do not present the same benefits as the noble ones, which is why electrodepositing equally inexpensive elements can increase the electronic exchange. The electrodeposition of NiFe-P is reported as being one of the most efficient modification. The results confirm that there is a significant improvement in using NiFe-P electrodeposited on Ni-foam. Questions remain about the differences between different surface areas used and in the durability of the electrodeposition on the Ni-foam, though. When comparing the two materials, there is a gain between 0.131 e 1.156 V vs. RHE between 1 and 2.2 mA/cm2 respectively for the oxygen reaction. For the hydrogen reaction, the enhancement is only slightly above 0.1 V vs. RHE at -7.5 mA/cm2. Although the gain is greater at lower current densities, they become more stable after it with a smaller growth rate. However, the potential gain of the hydrogen reaction is not limited to a small range of current densities with significant profit as the oxygen reaction.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado integrado, Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018
Palavras-chave
Hidrogéneo Espuma de Níquel Eletrólise alcalina NiFe-P Eletrodeposição Teses de mestrado - 2018
