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Impacto técnico-económico de medidas de gestão do consumo
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O desafio principal de um sistema eletroprodutor é o de assegurar o equilíbrio entre a energia solicitada pelos consumidores e a que é entregue pelas fontes produtoras de energia, sendo esta a chave para a manutenção de um sistema estável. Tradicionalmente o consumo variava livremente, cabendo aos centros de produção de energia elétrica ajustarem-se a essa variação. No entanto, a atual e elevada penetração renovável variável no tempo – cuja produção é caracterizada pela não controlabilidade – dificulta a gestão do sistema electroprodutor e, em casos de penetração renovável extrema, exige capacidade de controlo adicional do binómio produção/consumo, a qual se situava do lado da produção e, recentemente, se tem vindo a explorar do lado do consumo, de modo a permitir o crescimento do sector renovável.
A restruturação das atuais redes de energia em redes inteligentes apresenta diversos benefícios tanto para os consumidores como para os produtores e gestores da rede de transporte e distribuição. Este novo conceito de sistema electroprodutor promove a interação entre o lado do consumo e o lado da produção através da implementação de novas tecnologias. O envio de sinais de preço aos consumidores domésticos, por exemplo, contribui para a sua consciencialização para o preço da eletricidade em tempo real. Desta forma, a manutenção do equilíbrio entre produção e consumo deixa de ser um encargo somente do lado da produção.
Por forma a caracterizar o potencial de controlo do consumo e alcançar o objetivo desta dissertação é necessária a modelação do comportamento dos consumidores. Neste trabalho pretende-se modelar a variação da procura de eletricidade em função do preço da energia sob a forma de funções de elasticidade. A composição dos fatores de elasticidade para os consumidores resultará numa matriz de elasticidade, que poderá conduzir à previsão e conceção de cenários para o sistema eletroprodutor português.
The main operational challenge of an electric power system is to insure the balance between the power demanded by the consumers and the one that is delivered by the operating power plants, being this the key to the maintenance of a stable system. Traditionally, the electric consumption varies freely in time and it was the responsibility of the production centers to adjust themselves to these variations. Nonetheless, the current high penetration of renewable power generation – which production is characterized by its non-controllability – difficult the power system management and, in cases of extremely high renewable penetration, requires additional control capability on existing conventional generation and that, recently, has also been explored on the consumption side in order to allow the growth of variable renewable sector. The restructuring of the current power grid into smart grids has many benefits for both consumers and producers. This new concept of power generation system allows and promotes an interaction between these two main players through the implementation of innovating technologies. Given the awareness of consumers to the price of electricity in real time – strongly correlated with the amount of energy being consumed -, the maintenance of the balance between production and consumption becomes not only a producers’ responsibility but also a consumers’ one. In order to characterize the potential regarding consumption management and attain the goal of this thesis it is necessary to model consumer’s profile behavior. Thus, it is intend of this work to model the electricity demand variation due to electricity’s price fluctuations in the form of elasticity functions. The composition of elasticity factors for consumers and different price signals result in an elasticity matrix, which leads to the prediction and generation of scenarios for the Portuguese power system.
The main operational challenge of an electric power system is to insure the balance between the power demanded by the consumers and the one that is delivered by the operating power plants, being this the key to the maintenance of a stable system. Traditionally, the electric consumption varies freely in time and it was the responsibility of the production centers to adjust themselves to these variations. Nonetheless, the current high penetration of renewable power generation – which production is characterized by its non-controllability – difficult the power system management and, in cases of extremely high renewable penetration, requires additional control capability on existing conventional generation and that, recently, has also been explored on the consumption side in order to allow the growth of variable renewable sector. The restructuring of the current power grid into smart grids has many benefits for both consumers and producers. This new concept of power generation system allows and promotes an interaction between these two main players through the implementation of innovating technologies. Given the awareness of consumers to the price of electricity in real time – strongly correlated with the amount of energy being consumed -, the maintenance of the balance between production and consumption becomes not only a producers’ responsibility but also a consumers’ one. In order to characterize the potential regarding consumption management and attain the goal of this thesis it is necessary to model consumer’s profile behavior. Thus, it is intend of this work to model the electricity demand variation due to electricity’s price fluctuations in the form of elasticity functions. The composition of elasticity factors for consumers and different price signals result in an elasticity matrix, which leads to the prediction and generation of scenarios for the Portuguese power system.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016
Palavras-chave
Sistema eletroprodutor Redes inteligentes Gestão do consumo Elasticidade Teses de mestrado - 2016