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Esta dissertação tem como finalidade o desenvolvimento e implementação de um sistema de seguimento solar de dois eixos, para sistemas fotovoltaicos. Um módulo com inclinação e orientação fixos só se aproxima da sua potĆŖncia mĆ”xima ao meio dia solar, pelo que a melhor forma de aumentar a Ć”rea Ćŗtil de conversĆ£o de energia Ć© a realização do seguimento solar, em que os raios solares sĆ£o sempre normais ao plano dos módulos, aumentando a eficiĆŖncia do sistema. Para este projeto, desenvolveu-se um sistema de controlo de seguimento solar recorrendo a sensores de luz e uma plataforma de prototipagem eletrónica, o ArduĆno. O funcionamento do sistema tem por base a comparação de sinais dos sensores, quando expostos a intensidades luminosas diferentes, para a determinação da posição solar e daĆ atuar em atuadores lineares responsĆ”veis pelo posicionamento da estrutura que contĆ©m os módulos PV, mantendo-os sempre perpendiculares aos raios solares. Após a montagem do sistema, no Campus Solar da FCUL, realizou-se uma campanha de recolha de dados com duração de 22 dias, de modo a analisar o desempenho do sistema em termos de qualidade do seguimento solar, produção e consumo de energia por parte do sistema de controlo. Para os dias de cĆ©u limpo e os dias de cĆ©u nublado obtiveram-se resultados diferentes, cuja distinção foi feita utilizando dados de irradiĆ¢ncia de uma estação meteorológica instalada do mesmo local. Verificou-se que para os dias de cĆ©u limpo o seguidor acompanha a trajetória do Sol durante todo o dia, o resulta em ganhos de produção atĆ© 45% em relação a um sistema fixo com as mesmas caraterĆsticas. Para os dias de cĆ©u nublado, o seguidor procura as zonas mais claras do cĆ©u, nos instantes em que o Sol estĆ” obstruĆdo. De forma geral, obteve-se um consumo de energia mĆ©dia de 1% da produção total.
The purpose of this thesis is the development and implementation of a two axis solar tracker system, for photovoltaic systems. A module with fixed tilt and orientation only approaches the maximum power at solar noon, therefore the best way to increase the useful area of energy conversion is the realization of solar tracking, where the solar rays are always normal to the plan of the modules, increasing the system efficiency. For this project, a solar tracking control system was created using light sensors and an electronics prototyping platform, the Arduino. The system operation is based on the comparison of signals from the sensors, exposed to different light intensities, to determine the solar position and then act on linear actuators responsible for positioning the structure containing the PV modules and keeping them always perpendicular to the sun rays. After the system installation, located at FCULās Solar Campus, a data collection campaign for 22 days was held, in order to analyze the system performance in terms of tracking quality, energy production and consumption of the control system. Different results were obtained for clear sky and cloudy days, whose characteristics were obtained from the radiation data of a meteorological station installed on the same location. For clear sky days, the tracker follows the solar trajectory throughout the day, resulting in production gains up to 45% with respect to a fixed system with the same characteristics. For cloudy sky days, the tracker searches for the brightest areas of the sky during the time periods when the sun is obstructed by the clouds. In general, the systemās average electric power consumption was about 1% of the total electric production.
The purpose of this thesis is the development and implementation of a two axis solar tracker system, for photovoltaic systems. A module with fixed tilt and orientation only approaches the maximum power at solar noon, therefore the best way to increase the useful area of energy conversion is the realization of solar tracking, where the solar rays are always normal to the plan of the modules, increasing the system efficiency. For this project, a solar tracking control system was created using light sensors and an electronics prototyping platform, the Arduino. The system operation is based on the comparison of signals from the sensors, exposed to different light intensities, to determine the solar position and then act on linear actuators responsible for positioning the structure containing the PV modules and keeping them always perpendicular to the sun rays. After the system installation, located at FCULās Solar Campus, a data collection campaign for 22 days was held, in order to analyze the system performance in terms of tracking quality, energy production and consumption of the control system. Different results were obtained for clear sky and cloudy days, whose characteristics were obtained from the radiation data of a meteorological station installed on the same location. For clear sky days, the tracker follows the solar trajectory throughout the day, resulting in production gains up to 45% with respect to a fixed system with the same characteristics. For cloudy sky days, the tracker searches for the brightest areas of the sky during the time periods when the sun is obstructed by the clouds. In general, the systemās average electric power consumption was about 1% of the total electric production.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016
Palavras-chave
Seguidor solar Fotovoltaico ArduĆno Energia Teses de mestrado - 2016
