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O comércio do marfim e o poder nos territórios do Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango: 1796-1825
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A presente dissertação propôs-se analisar as relações comerciais levadas a efeito nos anos de 1796 a 1825 entre os povos da costa africana do Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango e os europeus. Do mesmo modo, avaliando as sociedades do Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango a partir do ordenamento administrativo-político próprio, de reinos estruturados e independentes, o trabalho debruçou-se sobre a perda do poder dessas sociedades na sua longa evolução para o domínio dos portugueses, que, dando a primazia aos fins económicos, fazem do marfim — produto inexplorável nos reinos do Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango — tesouro e receita dos cofres da Metrópole.
Desta forma, a abordagem centralizou-se na compreensão do comércio do marfim e do exercício do poder nos territórios dos reinos do Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango. Focalizámos, portanto, a atenção em duas direcções: compreender as sociedades locais e a sua afirmação de monarquias tradicionalmente estáveis com uma configuração de poder própria; e, seguidamente, perceber as relações bilaterais com os europeus, concretamente com os portugueses, e as razões do desajustamento da estrutura organizativa desses reinos (associado à ligação que os seus dignitários passam a ter com o comércio do marfim, novo produto do interesse dos europeus).
Por último, avaliámos a valorização do marfim nas duas sociedades; a sua circulação nos territórios evocados; os agentes, os intermediários e os interessados na exploração do marfim e as estatísticas das transacções deste recurso. Abordámos, ainda, a exclusividade da exploração do marfim que a Coroa portuguesa chamou a si nesses territórios, em virtude de, para esse efeito, neles ter afirmado a sua soberania.
Abstract: The present dissertation endeavoured to study the trade relationships established in the time frame from 1796 to 1825 between the kingdoms of Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango, in the African Coast, and the Europeans. The study also aims at assessing the societies of Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo and Loango by addressing their specific administrative and political organisation as structured and independent kingdoms, as well as the evolution that led to a transfer of their political power to the Portuguese, who, focusing above all on economic interests, would convert ivory — a previously unexploitable commodity in the aforesaid kingdoms — in an important asset and the main source of revenue for the Portuguese exchequer. The approach has thus focused on a description of ivory trade and of the exercise of power in the kingdoms of Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo and Loango. We therefore centered our research along two paths: understanding the local societies and their traditionally stable monarchy structure with their own administrative power configuration, and understand the bilateral relationships with Europeans, in particular with the Portuguese, as well as the reasons behind the loss of balance that undermined the organisational structure of said kingdoms (related to the connections their dignitaries started to set up with the ivory trade, a new commodity in which Europeans were most interested). Finally, we undertook to ascertain the way both societies valorised ivory and how its circulation unfolded in the above-mentioned territories; to identify the agents, the middlemen and all those who had an interest in exploiting ivory; and to compile statistics for the transactions of this natural resource. We have also addressed the exclusivity of ivory's exploitation claimed by the Portuguese Crown in those territories, by virtue of the fact that Portugal, for that purpose, had claimed its sovereignty over them.
Abstract: The present dissertation endeavoured to study the trade relationships established in the time frame from 1796 to 1825 between the kingdoms of Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo e Loango, in the African Coast, and the Europeans. The study also aims at assessing the societies of Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo and Loango by addressing their specific administrative and political organisation as structured and independent kingdoms, as well as the evolution that led to a transfer of their political power to the Portuguese, who, focusing above all on economic interests, would convert ivory — a previously unexploitable commodity in the aforesaid kingdoms — in an important asset and the main source of revenue for the Portuguese exchequer. The approach has thus focused on a description of ivory trade and of the exercise of power in the kingdoms of Kongo, Kakongo, Ngoyo and Loango. We therefore centered our research along two paths: understanding the local societies and their traditionally stable monarchy structure with their own administrative power configuration, and understand the bilateral relationships with Europeans, in particular with the Portuguese, as well as the reasons behind the loss of balance that undermined the organisational structure of said kingdoms (related to the connections their dignitaries started to set up with the ivory trade, a new commodity in which Europeans were most interested). Finally, we undertook to ascertain the way both societies valorised ivory and how its circulation unfolded in the above-mentioned territories; to identify the agents, the middlemen and all those who had an interest in exploiting ivory; and to compile statistics for the transactions of this natural resource. We have also addressed the exclusivity of ivory's exploitation claimed by the Portuguese Crown in those territories, by virtue of the fact that Portugal, for that purpose, had claimed its sovereignty over them.
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Kongo (Reino) - História Kakongo (Reino) - História Ngoyo (Reino) - História Loango (Reino) - História Marfim - Indústria e comércio - 1796-1825 Teses de mestrado - 2016