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Eficiência energética e caracterização do comportamento adaptativo dos ocupantes
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O uso intensivo das diferentes fontes de energia disponíveis, sobretudo das não renováveis, tem merecido bastante atenção por parte da comunidade científica e da sociedade em geral, sendo o aumento da eficiência energética dos edifícios imperativo. Assim, um dos principais desafios que o mundo atual enfrenta diz respeito à gestão dos recursos energéticos, sem prejuízo no conforto e bem-estar das populações. Este desafio levanta dificuldades para a conceção de edifícios novos, para edifícios sujeitos a grandes intervenções e para a exploração dos edifícios existentes, uma vez que grande parte destes foi construída em épocas onde os materiais não tinham a qualidade e propriedades que hoje são exigidas, assim como a sua arquitetura não corresponde a parâmetros que proporcionam condições de conforto com baixas necessidades energéticas. A presente dissertação procura estabelecer e testar uma metodologia de inquirição dos ocupantes para analisar as condições de conforto e bem-estar nos edifícios de comércio e serviços, utilizando uma abordagem interdisciplinar entre as caracterizações objetivas dos ambientes interiores e a subjetividade de cada individuo na transmissão da sua experiência sensorial. Neste sentido, esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de um inquérito por questionário e os resultados da sua aplicação na avaliação das condições objetivas e subjetivas de conforto e bem-estar de edifícios do LNEC, pretendendo contribuir para analisar as relações entre as características dos edifícios/espaços, comportamentos dos ocupantes e níveis de conforto e bem-estar, incluindo aspetos subjetivos como as perceções, expectativas e comportamentos de cada ocupante dos edifícios para com o ambiente interior e para com os sistemas de controlo de que dispõem, permitindo potenciar a capacidade explicativa e de previsão das ferramentas de análise mais tradicionais. Uma maioria relativa dos ocupantes do LNEC indica que se encontra globalmente satisfeita com o local de trabalho apesar de em muitos parâmetros existir mais insatisfação do que satisfação, sendo esta insatisfação geralmente mais acentuada no verão. O ambiente térmico é o parâmetro ‘mais importante’ para a maioria dos inquiridos e também um dos que apresenta maior desconforto. Existem alguns comportamentos adaptativos assertivos por parte dos ocupantes nomeadamente em relação ao vestuário e à utilização das janelas. Contudo, quanto à utilização de iluminação artificial e dos dispositivos de sombreamento não é possível concluir que em todos os edifícios exista um correto comportamento adaptativo. Por fim, é efetuada a análise da eficiência energética de dois edifícios apreciando a sua relação com as condições de conforto e bem-estar não desprezando que esta análise é limitada, pois realizou-se apenas em dois edifícios do LNEC. Apesar dos dois edifícios analisados possuírem a mesma classe energética, o Edifício Fernando Abecasis tem um rácio de classe energética inferior ao Edifício de ensaio de componentes e apresenta uma menor percentagem de pessoas que considera estar satisfeita com a globalidade dos fatores. Assim, neste estudo verifica-se a necessidade de aliar as caracterizações objetivas e subjetivas dos ambientes interiores através da certificação energética e da aplicação de um inquérito por questionário dado que a classe energética não reflete a satisfação dos ocupantes permitindo uma análise mais detalhada do que pode ser melhorado nos edifícios de forma a potenciar a produtividade dos trabalhadores e a redução dos custos energéticos.
The intensive use of different available energy sources, particularly non-renewable energy sources, has received a lot of attention from the scientific community and society, mainly because it is imperative to increase the energy efficiency of buildings. Therefore, one of the main challenges facing the world today is the management of energy resources, without prejudice to the comfort and well-being of the population. This challenge raises difficulties for the design of new buildings, for buildings that have undergone interventions and for the exploration of existing buildings, since most of these were built with materials that don’t have the quality and properties that are currently required. Adding to it, the architecture of those buildings does not correspond to the parameters that provide comfort with low energy needs. The present dissertation tries to establish and test an occupancy survey methodology to analyze the comfort and well-being conditions in commercial and services buildings, by using an interdisciplinary approach between the objectivity of a characterization of the interior environments and the subjectivity of the individual transmission of the sensory experience each occupant. Hence, this dissertation presents the development of a questionnaire survey and the results of its application in the evaluation of the objective and subjective conditions of comfort and welfare of the LNEC buildings. Consequently, this thesis aims to contribute to the analysis of the relations between the characteristics of the buildings/spaces, occupants' behaviours and the levels of comfort and well-being, including subjective aspects such as the perceptions, expectations, and behaviours of each occupant, including the interior environment and control systems at their disposal. The analysis of these relations will allow to enhance the explanatory capacity of the traditional analysis tools. A relative majority of LNEC occupants indicates a global satisfaction with the workplace even though in many parameters there is more dissatisfaction than satisfaction, especially in the summer. The thermal environment is the 'most important' parameter for most of the respondents and one of those that present greater discomfort. For instance, occupants have some assertive adaptive behaviours regarding clothing and the use of windows. However, when it comes to use artificial lighting and shading devices it is not possible to conclude that there is correct adaptive behaviour in all buildings. Finally, an analysis of the energy efficiency of the two buildings is carried out, appreciating its relationship with the comfort and well-being conditions. It is important to note that this analysis is limited since it was only done in two LNEC buildings. Although the two buildings analysed have the same energy class, the Fernando Abecasis Building has a lower energy class ratio than the Component Testing Building. Furthermore, the first building has a lower percentage of people satisfied with the overall factors. Thus, this study shows the need to combine the objective and subjective characterization of the interior environments through energy certification and the application of a questionnaire survey given that the energy class does not reflect the satisfaction of the occupants allowing a more detailed analysis of what can be improved in buildings to boost worker productivity and reduce energy costs.
The intensive use of different available energy sources, particularly non-renewable energy sources, has received a lot of attention from the scientific community and society, mainly because it is imperative to increase the energy efficiency of buildings. Therefore, one of the main challenges facing the world today is the management of energy resources, without prejudice to the comfort and well-being of the population. This challenge raises difficulties for the design of new buildings, for buildings that have undergone interventions and for the exploration of existing buildings, since most of these were built with materials that don’t have the quality and properties that are currently required. Adding to it, the architecture of those buildings does not correspond to the parameters that provide comfort with low energy needs. The present dissertation tries to establish and test an occupancy survey methodology to analyze the comfort and well-being conditions in commercial and services buildings, by using an interdisciplinary approach between the objectivity of a characterization of the interior environments and the subjectivity of the individual transmission of the sensory experience each occupant. Hence, this dissertation presents the development of a questionnaire survey and the results of its application in the evaluation of the objective and subjective conditions of comfort and welfare of the LNEC buildings. Consequently, this thesis aims to contribute to the analysis of the relations between the characteristics of the buildings/spaces, occupants' behaviours and the levels of comfort and well-being, including subjective aspects such as the perceptions, expectations, and behaviours of each occupant, including the interior environment and control systems at their disposal. The analysis of these relations will allow to enhance the explanatory capacity of the traditional analysis tools. A relative majority of LNEC occupants indicates a global satisfaction with the workplace even though in many parameters there is more dissatisfaction than satisfaction, especially in the summer. The thermal environment is the 'most important' parameter for most of the respondents and one of those that present greater discomfort. For instance, occupants have some assertive adaptive behaviours regarding clothing and the use of windows. However, when it comes to use artificial lighting and shading devices it is not possible to conclude that there is correct adaptive behaviour in all buildings. Finally, an analysis of the energy efficiency of the two buildings is carried out, appreciating its relationship with the comfort and well-being conditions. It is important to note that this analysis is limited since it was only done in two LNEC buildings. Although the two buildings analysed have the same energy class, the Fernando Abecasis Building has a lower energy class ratio than the Component Testing Building. Furthermore, the first building has a lower percentage of people satisfied with the overall factors. Thus, this study shows the need to combine the objective and subjective characterization of the interior environments through energy certification and the application of a questionnaire survey given that the energy class does not reflect the satisfaction of the occupants allowing a more detailed analysis of what can be improved in buildings to boost worker productivity and reduce energy costs.
Description
Tese de mestrado integrado, Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2018
Keywords
Eficiência energética Conforto Bem-estar Edifícios de comércio e serviços Teses de mestrado - 2018