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Investigating Early/Middle Bronze Age Copper and Bronze Axes by Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Neutron Imaging Techniques

2016-05-24Artigo científico Acesso aberto
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dc.contributor.authorFigueiredo, Elin
dc.contributor.authorPereira, Marco A. Stanojev
dc.contributor.authorLopes, Filipa
dc.contributor.authorMarques, José G.
dc.contributor.authorSantos, Joana P.
dc.contributor.authorAraújo, M. Fátima
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Rui J. C.
dc.contributor.authorSenna-Martinez, João Carlos
dc.date.accessioned2017-01-16T10:17:37Z
dc.date.available2018-05-25T00:30:15Z
dc.date.issued2016-05-24
dc.description.abstractMicro X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) analysis and neutron imaging techniques, namely 2D radiography and 3D tomography, have been applied for the study of four metal axes from the Early/Middle Bronze Age in Western Iberia, a period characterized by a metallurgical change in the use of copper to bronze. Micro-XRF analysis has shown that one of the axes was produced in copper with some arsenic while the other three were produced in a copper-tin alloy (bronze) with variable tin contents and some arsenic and lead. Neutron radiography and tomographywere applied to study internal heterogeneities of the axes in a non-invasiveway since the specificities of neutron interaction with matter allow a suitable penetration of these relatively thick copper-based objects when compared to the use of a conventional X-ray radiography. Neutron imaging allowed the visualization of internal fissures and pores and the evaluation of their distribution, size and shape. Relevant information for the reconstruction of ancient manufacturing techniques was gathered, revealing that one ax was produced with the mold in an angle of ≈25°, probably to facilitate gas escape during metal pouring. Also, information regarding physical weaknesses of the axes was collected, providing relevant data for their conservation. Novelty statement: The present paper combines the use of micro-XRF and neutron imaging techniques, namely (2D) radiography and (3D) tomography for the study of prehistoric metal axes. The XRF spectra allowed identifying major and minor elements present in the alloys, inferring on the absence of elements that could become radioactive for a long period of time after irradiation with neutrons. The specificities of neutron interaction with matter allowed a suitable penetration of these relatively thick copper-based objects when compared to the use of a conventional X-ray radiography. The combination of these non-destructive techniques allowed the evaluation of the metal composition and the internal structure of the axes. Micro-XRF allowed the distinction among copper and bronze axes, and provided data about the composition of early bronzes for which data is scarce. The neutron imaging study allowed for the first timethe visualization of internal heterogeneities in early bronze axes, namely pores and large voids, providing relevant information for the reconstruction of ancient manufacturing techniques and raising pertinent information regarding physical weaknesses of these types of objects.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationFigueiredo, E.; Pereira, M.A.S.; Lopes, F.; Marques, J.G.; Santos, J.P.; Araújo, M.F.; Silva, R.J.C.; Senna-Martinez, J.C. (2016) – Investigating Early/Middle Bronze Age Copper and Bronze Axes by Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Neutron Imaging Techniques. Spectrochimica Acta Part B. 122, P.15-22.pt_PT
dc.identifier.doihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2016.05.002pt_PT
dc.identifier.issn0584-8547
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10451/25886
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherElsevierpt_PT
dc.relation.publisherversionhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0584854716300611pt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectMicro-XRFpt_PT
dc.subjectNeutron tomographypt_PT
dc.subjectPrehistoric axespt_PT
dc.subjectMetal compositionpt_PT
dc.subjectInternal structurept_PT
dc.titleInvestigating Early/Middle Bronze Age Copper and Bronze Axes by Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry and Neutron Imaging Techniquespt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.conferencePlaceAmsterdãopt_PT
oaire.citation.endPage22pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage15pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleSpectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopypt_PT
oaire.citation.volume122pt_PT
person.familyNameSenna-Martinez
person.givenNameJoão Carlos
person.identifier.ciencia-idE01F-97B1-98DA
person.identifier.orcid0000-0003-3244-9518
person.identifier.scopus-author-id20434592100
rcaap.rightsembargoedAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationfd202646-78ac-4482-aec2-555e1d122860
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryfd202646-78ac-4482-aec2-555e1d122860

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