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Perceção pública dos serviços de ecossistema prestados pelo montado, com ênfase nos serviços culturais
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Com o crescimento populacional humano, a demanda por alimentos, matérias-primas, água e combustíveis tem aumentado também e de uma forma mais rápida e intensiva do que em qualquer outro período de tempo comparável da história da humanidade. Esta crescente procura tem gerado uma perda considerável, e por vezes irreversível, da diversidade de vida na Terra.
O reconhecimento desta perda de biodiversidade, bem como a necessidade de avaliar e quantificar a ligação/dependência existente entre o Homem e a Natureza, motivou o aparecimento do conceito de Serviços de Ecossistema (SE), como sendo os benefícios que os ecossistemas proporcionam ao homem potenciando o seu bem-estar. Os tipos de serviços que a natureza proporciona podem ser agrupados em três categorias: regulação/manutenção, provisionamento e culturais.
Os ecossistemas multifuncionais, por definição, providenciam uma maior diversidade de serviços e, um bom exemplo disso, é o montado de sobro, sobretudo reconhecido pela produção de cortiça, mas que está na base de muitas outras produções e atividades. Desempenha funções e serviços tais como a manutenção de elevados níveis de biodiversidade e a regulação do clima ou o sequestro de carbono, sendo também local de eleição para recreio e turismo de natureza. No entanto, a perceção pública da importância destes últimos (serviços culturais) carece de avaliação.
Neste contexto utilizou-se a Companhia das Lezírias (CL), propriedade agro-florestal dominada por montado de sobro e com uma significativa atividade de recreio a par de várias outras atividades produtivas, para avaliar a perceção que os utilizadores do montado têm dos serviços fornecidos por este ecossistema. Através de inquéritos aos principais utilizadores da CL (trabalhadores, caçadores e visitantes) pretendeu-se assim: caracterizar socio-demograficamente os utilizadores da CL e as respectivas visitas; avaliar os SE por eles mais valorizados, com particular ênfase nos serviços culturais e avaliar preferências por diferentes cenários de gestão economicamente os SE fornecidos pelo montado. Os inquéritos foram divididos em 5 secções: I- Caracterização da visita; II- Benefícios da Charneca; III- Gestão do montado e serviços de ecossistema; IV- Avaliação de cenários e V- Dados pessoais. Neste contexto, pretendeu-se avaliar as opiniões dos diferentes grupos de utilizadores face a três cenários, um que representa a gestão atual da CL (Cenário I) e outros dois plausíveis. Um que representa alterações nas práticas de pastorícia (Cenário II), onde o gado bovino é parcialmente substituído por gado de menor porte causando menor impacto no sistema, e outro de melhoramento florestal (Cenário III) que promove medidas de gestão onde o gado bovino é inteiramente substituído e a floresta será gerida de modo a aumentar a densidade de sobreiros e aumentar o coberto arbóreo. Para análise dos resultados, para alé da análise descritiva, utilizaram-se metodologias que avaliam a “vontade de pagar” (Avaliação Contingente) e que permitem avaliar as escolhas dos utilizadores por cada cenário e determinar o que influenciou essa decisão (“árvores de decisão - FFTrees”). No total foram realizados 100 inquéritos: 37 a caçadores, 39 a visitantes e 24 a trabalhadores. Neste estudo, foi possível concluir que os utilizadores na maioria se encontram na faixa etária dos “46-65” anos, principalmente o sexo masculino. O sexo feminino é maioria no grupo de visitantes com 67%, enquanto que no grupo de trabalhadores representa uma minoria e no de caçadores é mesmo nulo. A maioria apresenta um elevado grau de escolaridade (entre o 9º ano e o ensino superior). A maioria são trabalhadores por conta de outrem, a exceção dos caçadores, que representam 20% dos trabalhadores independentes. Em relação a motivação, e perceções contamos com resultados muito díspares entre grupos de utilizadores. Os caçadores caracterizam-se por realizarem atividades mais desportivas (caça, hipismo, pesca), os trabalhadores por escolherem atividades mais ligadas a natureza (obs. aves, fotografia, piqueniques), talvez por conhecerem melhor o que a CL proporciona e os visitantes atividades mais físicas (caminhadas, corridas, etc). Atribuem muita importância ao montado, qualquer um dos grupos, perfazendo um total de 69% de escolhas, seguindo-se do pinhal e dos campos de arroz. Os serviços culturais, também são tidos em conta por exemplo a “educação”, com 78% dos inquiridos a atribuírem-lhe os graus de maior importância, apesar dos serviços de provisionamento serem os mais considerados. Este estudo permitiu também estimar os gastos efetuados pelos visitantes e caçadores quando se deslocam e visitam a CL para realizar atividades. Esses gastos são em regra elevados (entre 300 a 600 €/ano) o que permite concluir que estes utilizadores atribuem elevada importância e interesse aos serviços prestados pelo montado. Relativamente à análise de preferências de gestão, verificou-se que os caçadores preferem claramente o cenário III com 25% e apenas 9% para o cenário II, enquanto que os visitantes têm uma preferência igual pelos dois cenários, 25,4% de escolha por qualquer um dos cenários.
Este trabalho, ainda que apenas baseado numa amostra dos utilizadores da CL, permitiu avaliar as perceções públicas relativamente aos serviços providenciados pelo montado e propor algumas medidas para uma melhor gestão do sistema, num contexto de exploração sustentável.
With Human population growth, the demand for food, raw materials, water and fuels has also increased, faster and more intensively than in any comparable time in the history of mankind. This growing demand has generated a considerable, and sometimes irreversible, loss of life diversity on Earth. Recognition of this biodiversity loss, as well as the need to assess and quantify the relation/dependence existing between Man and Nature, motivated the emergence of the concept of Ecosystem Services, as being the benefits that ecosystems provide to human with the power to improve his well-being. The different types of services that nature provides can be grouped into three categories: regulation/maintenance, provisioning and cultural. Multifunctional ecosystems, by definition, provide higher diversity of services, and a good example is the cork oak montado, mainly recognized for the production of cork, but which is the basis of many other goods and activities. It performs functions and services such as maintaining high levels of biodiversity, regulating climate or sequestrate carbon, and is also a place of choice for recreation and nature tourism. However, public perception of cultural services (ex: recreation and nature tourism) need assessment. In this context, Companhia das Lezírias (CL), an agro-forestry farmstead dominated by cork oak forest and with a significant recreational activity along with several other productive activities, was used to evaluate the users perceptions of the services delivered by this ecosystem. Through surveys of CL's main users (workers, hunters and visitors), we characterized users socio-demographically; characterized their visits; quantified the ESs most valued, with particular emphasis on cultural services and an economical evaluation of the ESs provided by the montado was also done. Surveys were divided into 5 sections (I- Characterization of the visit, II- Benefits of the montado, III- Management of the montado and ecosystem services, IV- Scenarios evaluation and V- Personal data). The opinions of the different groups of users were also considered in relation to three scenarios: one representing the current management of CL (scenario I) and two hypothetical ones. One that represents alterations to pastoral practices, where cattle are partially replaced by smaller cattle, which will cause less impact on the system (Scenario II) and Scenario III of forest improvement, promotes management measures where cattle are completely replaced and cork oak trees are planted to increase tree cover. For data analysis, in addition to the descriptive analysis, we used "willingness to pay" (Contingent Valuation) methodologies that allow us to evaluate the users' choices for each scenario and to determine what influenced this decision. In total, 100 surveys were done: 37 to hunters; 39 to visitors and 24 to workers. It was possible to conclude that the majority of users are in the "46-65" age group, mainly males. The female sex is the majority in the group of visitors with 67%, whereas in the group of workers represents a minority and in the group of hunters is null. Most of them have a high level of education (between high school and higher education). Most are employee for others, with the exception of hunters, who account for 20% of self-employed workers. In relation to motivation, and perceptions we have very different results among groups of users. Hunters are characterized by more sporting activities (hunting, horseback riding, fishing), workers choosing nature-based activities (bird watching, photography, picnics), perhaps because they know better what CL provides and visitors physical activities (walks, races, etc). Any of the groups attach great importance to montado, making a total of 69% of choices, followed by the pinewood and the rice fields. Cultural services are also taken into account, for example, "education", with 78% of respondents giving them the most important degrees, even though provisioning services are the most considered. This study also allowed to estimate the expenses incurred by visitors and hunters when they travel and visit CL to carry out activities. These expenses are usually high (between 300 to 600€/year), which leads to the conclusion that these users attach great importance and interest to the services that montado provide. Regarding the analysis of management preferences, it was verified that hunters clearly prefer scenario III with 25% and only 9% prefer scenario II, while visitors have an equal preference for both scenarios, 25,4% of choice for any of the scenarios. Although based on a relatively small sample, this work allowed to evaluate user’s perceptions relatively to services provided by montado and to propose some measures for a better management of the system, in a sustainable way. With Human population growth, the demand for food, raw materials, water and fuels has also increased, faster and more intensively than in any comparable time in the history of mankind. This growing demand has generated a considerable, and sometimes irreversible, loss of life diversity on Earth. Recognition of this biodiversity loss, as well as the need to assess and quantify the relation/dependence existing between Man and Nature, motivated the emergence of the concept of Ecosystem Services, as being the benefits that ecosystems provide to human with the power to improve his well-being. The different types of services that nature provides can be grouped into three categories: regulation/maintenance, provisioning and cultural. Multifunctional ecosystems, by definition, provide higher diversity of services, and a good example is the cork oak montado, mainly recognized for the production of cork, but which is the basis of many other goods and activities. It performs functions and services such as maintaining high levels of biodiversity, regulating climate or sequestrate carbon, and is also a place of choice for recreation and nature tourism. However, public perception of cultural services (ex: recreation and nature tourism) need assessment. In this context, Companhia das Lezírias (CL), an agro-forestry farmstead dominated by cork oak forest and with a significant recreational activity along with several other productive activities, was used to evaluate the users perceptions of the services delivered by this ecosystem. Through surveys of CL's main users (workers, hunters and visitors), we characterized users socio-demographically; characterized their visits; quantified the ESs most valued, with particular emphasis on cultural services and an economical evaluation of the ESs provided by the montado was also done. Surveys were divided into 5 sections (I- Characterization of the visit, II- Benefits of the montado, III- Management of the montado and ecosystem services, IV- Scenarios evaluation and V- Personal data). The opinions of the different groups of users were also considered in relation to three scenarios: one representing the current management of CL (scenario I) and two hypothetical ones. One that represents alterations to pastoral practices, where cattle are partially replaced by smaller cattle, which will cause less impact on the system (Scenario II) and Scenario III of forest improvement, promotes management measures where cattle are completely replaced and cork oak trees are planted to increase tree cover. For data analysis, in addition to the descriptive analysis, we used "willingness to pay" (Contingent Valuation) methodologies that allow us to evaluate the users' choices for each scenario and to determine what influenced this decision. In total, 100 surveys were done: 37 to hunters; 39 to visitors and 24 to workers. It was possible to conclude that the majority of users are in the "46-65" age group, mainly males. The female sex is the majority in the group of visitors with 67%, whereas in the group of workers represents a minority and in the group of hunters is null. Most of them have a high level of education (between high school and higher education). Most are employee for others, with the exception of hunters, who account for 20% of self-employed workers. In relation to motivation, and perceptions we have very different results among groups of users. Hunters are characterized by more sporting activities (hunting, horseback riding, fishing), workers choosing nature-based activities (bird watching, photography, picnics), perhaps because they know better what CL provides and visitors physical activities (walks, races, etc). Any of the groups attach great importance to montado, making a total of 69% of choices, followed by the pinewood and the rice fields. Cultural services are also taken into account, for example, "education", with 78% of respondents giving them the most important degrees, even though provisioning services are the most considered. This study also allowed to estimate the expenses incurred by visitors and hunters when they travel and visit CL to carry out activities. These expenses are usually high (between 300 to 600€/year), which leads to the conclusion that these users attach great importance and interest to the services that montado provide. Regarding the analysis of management preferences, it was verified that hunters clearly prefer scenario III with 25% and only 9% prefer scenario II, while visitors have an equal preference for both scenarios, 25,4% of choice for any of the scenarios. Although based on a relatively small sample, this work allowed to evaluate user’s perceptions relatively to services provided by montado and to propose some measures for a better management of the system, in a sustainable way.
With Human population growth, the demand for food, raw materials, water and fuels has also increased, faster and more intensively than in any comparable time in the history of mankind. This growing demand has generated a considerable, and sometimes irreversible, loss of life diversity on Earth. Recognition of this biodiversity loss, as well as the need to assess and quantify the relation/dependence existing between Man and Nature, motivated the emergence of the concept of Ecosystem Services, as being the benefits that ecosystems provide to human with the power to improve his well-being. The different types of services that nature provides can be grouped into three categories: regulation/maintenance, provisioning and cultural. Multifunctional ecosystems, by definition, provide higher diversity of services, and a good example is the cork oak montado, mainly recognized for the production of cork, but which is the basis of many other goods and activities. It performs functions and services such as maintaining high levels of biodiversity, regulating climate or sequestrate carbon, and is also a place of choice for recreation and nature tourism. However, public perception of cultural services (ex: recreation and nature tourism) need assessment. In this context, Companhia das Lezírias (CL), an agro-forestry farmstead dominated by cork oak forest and with a significant recreational activity along with several other productive activities, was used to evaluate the users perceptions of the services delivered by this ecosystem. Through surveys of CL's main users (workers, hunters and visitors), we characterized users socio-demographically; characterized their visits; quantified the ESs most valued, with particular emphasis on cultural services and an economical evaluation of the ESs provided by the montado was also done. Surveys were divided into 5 sections (I- Characterization of the visit, II- Benefits of the montado, III- Management of the montado and ecosystem services, IV- Scenarios evaluation and V- Personal data). The opinions of the different groups of users were also considered in relation to three scenarios: one representing the current management of CL (scenario I) and two hypothetical ones. One that represents alterations to pastoral practices, where cattle are partially replaced by smaller cattle, which will cause less impact on the system (Scenario II) and Scenario III of forest improvement, promotes management measures where cattle are completely replaced and cork oak trees are planted to increase tree cover. For data analysis, in addition to the descriptive analysis, we used "willingness to pay" (Contingent Valuation) methodologies that allow us to evaluate the users' choices for each scenario and to determine what influenced this decision. In total, 100 surveys were done: 37 to hunters; 39 to visitors and 24 to workers. It was possible to conclude that the majority of users are in the "46-65" age group, mainly males. The female sex is the majority in the group of visitors with 67%, whereas in the group of workers represents a minority and in the group of hunters is null. Most of them have a high level of education (between high school and higher education). Most are employee for others, with the exception of hunters, who account for 20% of self-employed workers. In relation to motivation, and perceptions we have very different results among groups of users. Hunters are characterized by more sporting activities (hunting, horseback riding, fishing), workers choosing nature-based activities (bird watching, photography, picnics), perhaps because they know better what CL provides and visitors physical activities (walks, races, etc). Any of the groups attach great importance to montado, making a total of 69% of choices, followed by the pinewood and the rice fields. Cultural services are also taken into account, for example, "education", with 78% of respondents giving them the most important degrees, even though provisioning services are the most considered. This study also allowed to estimate the expenses incurred by visitors and hunters when they travel and visit CL to carry out activities. These expenses are usually high (between 300 to 600€/year), which leads to the conclusion that these users attach great importance and interest to the services that montado provide. Regarding the analysis of management preferences, it was verified that hunters clearly prefer scenario III with 25% and only 9% prefer scenario II, while visitors have an equal preference for both scenarios, 25,4% of choice for any of the scenarios. Although based on a relatively small sample, this work allowed to evaluate user’s perceptions relatively to services provided by montado and to propose some measures for a better management of the system, in a sustainable way. With Human population growth, the demand for food, raw materials, water and fuels has also increased, faster and more intensively than in any comparable time in the history of mankind. This growing demand has generated a considerable, and sometimes irreversible, loss of life diversity on Earth. Recognition of this biodiversity loss, as well as the need to assess and quantify the relation/dependence existing between Man and Nature, motivated the emergence of the concept of Ecosystem Services, as being the benefits that ecosystems provide to human with the power to improve his well-being. The different types of services that nature provides can be grouped into three categories: regulation/maintenance, provisioning and cultural. Multifunctional ecosystems, by definition, provide higher diversity of services, and a good example is the cork oak montado, mainly recognized for the production of cork, but which is the basis of many other goods and activities. It performs functions and services such as maintaining high levels of biodiversity, regulating climate or sequestrate carbon, and is also a place of choice for recreation and nature tourism. However, public perception of cultural services (ex: recreation and nature tourism) need assessment. In this context, Companhia das Lezírias (CL), an agro-forestry farmstead dominated by cork oak forest and with a significant recreational activity along with several other productive activities, was used to evaluate the users perceptions of the services delivered by this ecosystem. Through surveys of CL's main users (workers, hunters and visitors), we characterized users socio-demographically; characterized their visits; quantified the ESs most valued, with particular emphasis on cultural services and an economical evaluation of the ESs provided by the montado was also done. Surveys were divided into 5 sections (I- Characterization of the visit, II- Benefits of the montado, III- Management of the montado and ecosystem services, IV- Scenarios evaluation and V- Personal data). The opinions of the different groups of users were also considered in relation to three scenarios: one representing the current management of CL (scenario I) and two hypothetical ones. One that represents alterations to pastoral practices, where cattle are partially replaced by smaller cattle, which will cause less impact on the system (Scenario II) and Scenario III of forest improvement, promotes management measures where cattle are completely replaced and cork oak trees are planted to increase tree cover. For data analysis, in addition to the descriptive analysis, we used "willingness to pay" (Contingent Valuation) methodologies that allow us to evaluate the users' choices for each scenario and to determine what influenced this decision. In total, 100 surveys were done: 37 to hunters; 39 to visitors and 24 to workers. It was possible to conclude that the majority of users are in the "46-65" age group, mainly males. The female sex is the majority in the group of visitors with 67%, whereas in the group of workers represents a minority and in the group of hunters is null. Most of them have a high level of education (between high school and higher education). Most are employee for others, with the exception of hunters, who account for 20% of self-employed workers. In relation to motivation, and perceptions we have very different results among groups of users. Hunters are characterized by more sporting activities (hunting, horseback riding, fishing), workers choosing nature-based activities (bird watching, photography, picnics), perhaps because they know better what CL provides and visitors physical activities (walks, races, etc). Any of the groups attach great importance to montado, making a total of 69% of choices, followed by the pinewood and the rice fields. Cultural services are also taken into account, for example, "education", with 78% of respondents giving them the most important degrees, even though provisioning services are the most considered. This study also allowed to estimate the expenses incurred by visitors and hunters when they travel and visit CL to carry out activities. These expenses are usually high (between 300 to 600€/year), which leads to the conclusion that these users attach great importance and interest to the services that montado provide. Regarding the analysis of management preferences, it was verified that hunters clearly prefer scenario III with 25% and only 9% prefer scenario II, while visitors have an equal preference for both scenarios, 25,4% of choice for any of the scenarios. Although based on a relatively small sample, this work allowed to evaluate user’s perceptions relatively to services provided by montado and to propose some measures for a better management of the system, in a sustainable way.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado em Ecologia e Gestão Ambiental, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016
Palavras-chave
Serviços de ecossistema Ecossistemas multifuncionais Inquéritos Cenários de gestão "Vontade de pagar" Teses de mestrado - 2016