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Cannabis sativa: uso terapêutico, legislação e comercialização
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A Cannabis sativa L. é uma das plantas mais antigas e versáteis com relevância
económica. É capaz de fornecer diversos materiais, desde fibra para tecidos e papel,
sementes como alimento e resina para uso recreativo e medicinal. Evidências do seu
uso para fins medicinais remontam há milénios. Nos últimos anos ressurgiu o interesse
na utilização da canábis para tratar uma variedade de condições e as evidências
científicas têm revelado o valor terapêutico dos seus canabinóides. Atualmente, a
planta da canábis é também uma das plantas melhor estudadas quimicamente, uma vez
que possui uma quantidade avultada de compostos com elevada importância biológica
e farmacológica, capazes de ativar recetores canabinóides no organismo humano e
induzir respostas fisiológicas. Possui assim um potencial terapêutico para várias
patologias como a profilaxia da náusea e vómito induzidos pela quimioterapia,
estimulação do apetite em doentes com Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida
(SIDA), controlo da espasticidade na esclerose múltipla, dor e epilepsia. Realça-se o
facto de, nos dias de hoje, se utilizarem técnicas para, em condições controladas, se
produzirem plantas com perfis químicos estáveis, isto é, quimiotipos definidos e,
consequentemente, diferentes aplicabilidades terapêuticas.
Não se deve descurar a controvérsia e a discussão que a temática levanta devido aos
efeitos adversos e imprevisíveis do seu consumo, tal como a psicoatividade, a
dependência e respetivos sintomas. Alguns dos seus potenciais fins medicinais carecem
de mais estudos e evidências para demonstrar a sua importância clínica, contudo várias
correntes na opinião pública têm impulsionado um movimento favorável à utilização
da canábis para fins terapêuticos em vários países. No que concerne ao seu contexto
legal em Portugal, a Lei nº33/2018 de 18 de julho, e respetiva regulamentação pelo
Decreto-Lei nº 8/2019 de 15 de janeiro, estabelecem o quadro legal para a utilização de
preparações e substâncias à base da planta da canábis, para fins medicinais. A sua
prescrição é feita mediante receita médica especial, está reservada para quando os
tratamentos convencionais autorizados não estão a produzir os efeitos esperados ou
provocam efeitos adversos de relevância e a sua dispensa exclusiva em farmácia.
Cannabis sativa L. is one of the oldest and most versatile plants with economic relevance. It is able to supply several materials, from fiber for the manufacture of fabrics and paper, seeds for food and resine for medical and recreational use. Evidence from millennia indicates its use for medicinal purposes. However, in the past few years the interest in cannabis use to treat a variety of conditions has resurfaced and scientific evidence has shown the therapeutic value in cannabinoids. These days, cannabis plant is also one of the most quimically studied plants that also produces a large amount of compounds with high biological and pharmacological significance, capable of activating cannabinoid receptors in the human body and induce physiological responses. Thus, has a potential therapeutic use in several pathologies such as nausea and vomit prophylaxis induced by chemotherapy, appetite stimulation in AIDS patients, spasticity control in multiple sclerosis, pain, and epilepsy. Highlights the fact that, nowadays, are used techniques to produce, in controlled conditions, plants with stable chemical profiles, which means, with defined chemotypes and, consequently, different therapeutic purposes. One should not neglect the controversy and discussion the theme raises due to its unpredictable and adverse consumption effects, such as psych activity, dependency, and its symptoms. Some of its potential medicinal uses lack more studies and evidence to demonstrate its clinical importance. Nevertheless, many currents in public opinion have driven a favourable movement to the use of cannabis for therapeutic reasons in several countries. In what concerns its legal context in Portugal, the Law no.33/2018 from July 18th, and its regulation by the Decree no.8/2019 from January 15th, establishes the legal framework for the use of use of cannabis plant-based preparations and substances for medicinal purposes. Its prescription is made only in special cases and upon special prescription, it is reserved to only when authorized conventional treatments don’t produce the expected effects or produce relevant adverse effects, having its exclusive dispensing in pharmacies.
Cannabis sativa L. is one of the oldest and most versatile plants with economic relevance. It is able to supply several materials, from fiber for the manufacture of fabrics and paper, seeds for food and resine for medical and recreational use. Evidence from millennia indicates its use for medicinal purposes. However, in the past few years the interest in cannabis use to treat a variety of conditions has resurfaced and scientific evidence has shown the therapeutic value in cannabinoids. These days, cannabis plant is also one of the most quimically studied plants that also produces a large amount of compounds with high biological and pharmacological significance, capable of activating cannabinoid receptors in the human body and induce physiological responses. Thus, has a potential therapeutic use in several pathologies such as nausea and vomit prophylaxis induced by chemotherapy, appetite stimulation in AIDS patients, spasticity control in multiple sclerosis, pain, and epilepsy. Highlights the fact that, nowadays, are used techniques to produce, in controlled conditions, plants with stable chemical profiles, which means, with defined chemotypes and, consequently, different therapeutic purposes. One should not neglect the controversy and discussion the theme raises due to its unpredictable and adverse consumption effects, such as psych activity, dependency, and its symptoms. Some of its potential medicinal uses lack more studies and evidence to demonstrate its clinical importance. Nevertheless, many currents in public opinion have driven a favourable movement to the use of cannabis for therapeutic reasons in several countries. In what concerns its legal context in Portugal, the Law no.33/2018 from July 18th, and its regulation by the Decree no.8/2019 from January 15th, establishes the legal framework for the use of use of cannabis plant-based preparations and substances for medicinal purposes. Its prescription is made only in special cases and upon special prescription, it is reserved to only when authorized conventional treatments don’t produce the expected effects or produce relevant adverse effects, having its exclusive dispensing in pharmacies.
Descrição
Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, 2020, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia.
Palavras-chave
Cannabis sativa Canabinóides Canábis medicinal Uso terapêutico Legislação Mestrado integrado - 2020