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Análise das intervenções da participação pública no licenciamento ambiental de centrais hidroelétricas no Brasil
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Resumo(s)
A participação pública tem um importante papel na legitimação e na melhoria das decisões tomadas pelos administradores públicos, em especial as que afetam diretamente a população. No Licenciamento Ambiental brasileiro, a sessão de audiência pública e os documentos enviados pela sociedade ao órgão licenciador são os instrumentos de participação pública previstos na legislação. Contudo, a audiência pública sofre intensas críticas, tanto em relação ao seu formato, considerado pouco democrático e ineficiente, como em relação à etapa do processo em que ele é realizado. Já o envio dos documentos elaborados pela sociedade ainda segue o mesmo procedimento adotado há mais de duas décadas pelo órgão licenciador. Ainda hoje perduram dúvidas sobre como os diferentes setores da sociedade atuam na participação pública e de que modo os objetivos definidos na legislação, de entre eles, informar a população sobre o projeto e recolher críticas e sugestões para auxiliar na tomada de decisão, estão sendo atingidos.
O presente trabalho realizou um levantamento das intervenções apresentadas pela sociedade na participação pública em 23 processos de licenciamento ambiental de centrais hidroelétricas, e com base na análise quantitativa e qualitativa destas informações, produziu um retrato geral da participação pública no licenciamento ambiental deste tipo de projetos; uma descrição da atuação dos diferentes setores da sociedade nesta mesma participação; e uma análise comparativa entre as diversas audiências públicas realizadas no âmbito destes mesmos processos.
Os resultados obtidos mostram que o perfil geral das intervenções apresentadas nas sessões das audiências públicas e no envio de documentos ao órgão licenciador são distintos entre si e que estes instrumentos da participação pública desempenham funções complementares no processo de licenciamento ambiental. Constatou-se ainda que a sociedade não atua de maneira homogénea na participação. Cada um dos grupos de participantes apresenta intervenções de acordo com seu grau de conhecimento sobre o tema em discussão e seus interesses específicos. A comparação entre audiências públicas também demonstrou que, apesar de existir diferenças significativas entre algumas delas, a maior parte das audiências públicas apresenta um perfil semelhante de intervenções.
Social participation plays an important role in legitimizing and improving the decision making process, especially when it involves issues that will affect civil society. In the Brazilian environmental licensing process, the public hearing session and the documentation that can be handed in by any interested citizen to the environmental agency are the main instruments, provided for by law, to assure public participation. However, the public hearing session is object to strong criticism concerning the formal aspects, not considered to be democratic and efficient, as well as referred to the procedural phase in which it is placed. As to the delivery of documents, the procedure has been kept the same in the last two decades, with no technological update. Up to know many doubts still remain concerning how different sector of society perform in public participation and how public participation goals, established by law, can be achieved. This paper focused on a survey of all public interventions presented in 23 environmental licensing processes of hydroelectric power stations and, based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of these data, depicted a portrait of public participation in environmental licensing processes, as well as described the players of society that operate in public participation. In addition, this work led to a comparative analysis of public participation in 23 different environmental licensing processes. The achieved results reveal that the general profile of interventions made through public hearing sessions and those made through paperwork delivery differ from each other and that both instruments play a complementary role in environmental licensing processes. The lack of uniformity in society’s participation was also noted. Each of the different groups of participants brings forward interventions according to their level of knowledge on the discussed issue and to their specific interests. The comparison between public hearings led to the conclusion that, despite some significant differences in particular projects, most of them render a similar profile concerning the interventions made.
Social participation plays an important role in legitimizing and improving the decision making process, especially when it involves issues that will affect civil society. In the Brazilian environmental licensing process, the public hearing session and the documentation that can be handed in by any interested citizen to the environmental agency are the main instruments, provided for by law, to assure public participation. However, the public hearing session is object to strong criticism concerning the formal aspects, not considered to be democratic and efficient, as well as referred to the procedural phase in which it is placed. As to the delivery of documents, the procedure has been kept the same in the last two decades, with no technological update. Up to know many doubts still remain concerning how different sector of society perform in public participation and how public participation goals, established by law, can be achieved. This paper focused on a survey of all public interventions presented in 23 environmental licensing processes of hydroelectric power stations and, based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of these data, depicted a portrait of public participation in environmental licensing processes, as well as described the players of society that operate in public participation. In addition, this work led to a comparative analysis of public participation in 23 different environmental licensing processes. The achieved results reveal that the general profile of interventions made through public hearing sessions and those made through paperwork delivery differ from each other and that both instruments play a complementary role in environmental licensing processes. The lack of uniformity in society’s participation was also noted. Each of the different groups of participants brings forward interventions according to their level of knowledge on the discussed issue and to their specific interests. The comparison between public hearings led to the conclusion that, despite some significant differences in particular projects, most of them render a similar profile concerning the interventions made.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado em Ecologia e Gestão Ambiental, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016
Palavras-chave
Avaliação de impacto ambiental Processo decisório Audiência pública Política ambiental Energia Teses de mestrado - 2016