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Insights into cork weathering regarding colour, chemical and cellular changes in view of outdoor applications
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A comprehensive analysis of outdoor weathering and soil burial of cork during 1-year experi-
ments was carried out with measurements of CIELAB color parameters, cellular observa-
tions by scanning electron microscopy, and surface chemical features analysed by ATR-
FTIR and wet chemical analysis. Cork applied in outdoor conditions above and below
ground retained its physical structure and integrity without signs of deterioration or fractur-
ing. The cellular structure was maintained with some small changes at the one-cell layer at
the surface, featuring cellular expansion and minute cell wall fractures. Surface color and
chemistry showed distinct results for outdoor exposure and soil burial. The weathered cork
surfaces acquired a lighter color while the soil buried cork surfaces became darker. With out-
door weathering, the cork polar solubles increased (13.0% vs. 7.6% o.d. mass) while a sub-
stantial decrease of lignin occurred (about 28% of the original lignin was removed) leading
to a suberin-enriched cork surface. The chemical impact on lignin is therefore responsible
for the surface change towards lighter colors. Soil-burial induced hydrolysis of ester bonds
of suberin and xylan, and the lignin-enriched cork surface displayed a dark brown color.
FTIR and wet chemical results were consistent. Overall cork showed a considerable struc-
tural and physical stability that allows its application in outdoor conditions, namely for build-
ing fac¸ades or other surfacing applications. Architects and designers should take into
account the color dynamics of the cork surfaces.
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Miranda I, Lourenço A, Simões R, Athayde J, Pereira H (2024) Insights into cork weathering regarding colour, chemical and cellular changes in view of outdoor applications. PLoS ONE 19(4): e0301384. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0301384
Editora
PLoS ONE