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Micro e nanoplásticos na alimentação: problemas e principais implicações na saúde pública
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Resumo(s)
A crescente presença de micro e nanoplásticos (MP/NP) no meio ambiente e sua subsequente entrada na cadeia alimentar têm suscitado preocupações significativas sobre os potenciais impactos na saúde pública. Como consequência do seu tamanho diminuto e persistência no ambiente, estes poluentes podem facilmente dispersar-se, acumulando-se em diversas matrizes ambientais como no solo, na água e no ar, e serem eventualmente ingeridos por organismos que fazem parte da cadeia alimentar humana. A presente dissertação apresenta uma revisão abrangente da literatura técnico-científica atual, com foco na exposição alimentar a essas partículas e nas decorrentes implicações para a saúde humana.
Foram revistas as principais fontes de contaminação dos alimentos, incluindo as matrizes ambientais, os processos de transferência trófica que facilitam a bioacumulação ao longo da cadeia alimentar, e as práticas de acondicionamento de alimentos que podem contribuir para a contaminação por MP/NP. Explorou-se a toxicocinética e a toxicodinâmica dos MP/NP, destacando os mecanismos de absorção, distribuição e excreção, bem como os efeitos adversos reportados em estudos científicos, tais como a citotoxicidade, a genotoxicidade, a imunotoxicidade, a hepatotoxicidade, a neurotoxicidade, a toxicidade reprodutiva e as alterações gastrointestinais, demonstrando os potencias efeitos nocivos para a saúde.
Embora as inúmeras e claras evidências de que os MP/NP podem atravessar barreiras biológicas e acumular-se em órgãos humanos, o conhecimento atual sobre os seus efeitos tóxicos permanece limitado, principalmente devido à escassez de estudos clínicos em humanos. A dissertação sublinha não só a urgente necessidade de regulamentações específicas para controlo e prevenção da exposição aos MP/NP, mas também de avanços tecnológicos que findem uma deteção e análise mais eficazes dessas partículas. Em última análise, a presente dissertação visa esclarecer e enfatizar os riscos associados à exposição digestiva aos MP/NP, destacando as atuais limitações e desafios, e propondo estratégias futuras que possam mitigar a exposição, com o objetivo de salvaguardar a saúde pública.
The increasing presence of microplastics (MP) and nanoplastics (NP) in the environment, alongside their entry into the food chain, has raised significant concerns regarding their potential impacts on public health. Due to their small size and persistent nature, these pollutants easily disperse through environmental matrices such as soil, water, and air, eventually accumulating in ecosystems and entering the human food chain through various ingestion pathways. This dissertation presents a thorough review of current technical-scientific literature, with a specific focus on dietary exposure to MP/NP particles and their implications for human health. The study examines the primary sources of food contamination, including environmental matrices, trophic transfer processes facilitating bioaccumulation along the food chain, and food packaging practices that contribute to MP/NP contamination. Moreover, the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of MP/NP are explored, highlighting mechanisms of absorption, distribution, and excretion, alongside the adverse health effects documented in scientific studies. These effects include cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and gastrointestinal disturbances, underscoring the wide range of health risks posed by exposure to these particles. Despite growing evidence that MP/NP can cross biological barriers and accumulate in human organs, the understanding of their toxic effects remains limited due to a lack of clinical studies in humans. This dissertation underscores the urgent need for specific regulations to manage and prevent MP/NP exposure, as well as the necessity for technological advancements that allow for more effective detection and analysis of these particles in various environments. Ultimately, this work aims to clarify the health risks associated with digestive exposure to MP/NP, highlight the current limitations and challenges in research, and propose future strategies to mitigate exposure, to safeguard public health.
The increasing presence of microplastics (MP) and nanoplastics (NP) in the environment, alongside their entry into the food chain, has raised significant concerns regarding their potential impacts on public health. Due to their small size and persistent nature, these pollutants easily disperse through environmental matrices such as soil, water, and air, eventually accumulating in ecosystems and entering the human food chain through various ingestion pathways. This dissertation presents a thorough review of current technical-scientific literature, with a specific focus on dietary exposure to MP/NP particles and their implications for human health. The study examines the primary sources of food contamination, including environmental matrices, trophic transfer processes facilitating bioaccumulation along the food chain, and food packaging practices that contribute to MP/NP contamination. Moreover, the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of MP/NP are explored, highlighting mechanisms of absorption, distribution, and excretion, alongside the adverse health effects documented in scientific studies. These effects include cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and gastrointestinal disturbances, underscoring the wide range of health risks posed by exposure to these particles. Despite growing evidence that MP/NP can cross biological barriers and accumulate in human organs, the understanding of their toxic effects remains limited due to a lack of clinical studies in humans. This dissertation underscores the urgent need for specific regulations to manage and prevent MP/NP exposure, as well as the necessity for technological advancements that allow for more effective detection and analysis of these particles in various environments. Ultimately, this work aims to clarify the health risks associated with digestive exposure to MP/NP, highlight the current limitations and challenges in research, and propose future strategies to mitigate exposure, to safeguard public health.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado, Qualidade Alimentar e Saúde, 2024, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia
Palavras-chave
Microplásticos Nanoplásticos Saúde pública Exposição alimentar Toxicidade. Teses de mestrado - 2024