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Pharmaceuticals in the environment : occurrence and exposure effects in non-target fish species
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A contaminação por fármacos nas zonas costeiras constitui um problema ambiental emergente, onde os fármacos neuroativos são de particular importância porque bioacumulam em espécies não-alvo, afetando o sistema nervoso central e causando efeitos ao nível das populações. Os resultados demonstram, na literatura existente, os diversos efeitos adversos da exposição de fármacos neuroativos em peixes, apesar de incidir sobre poucos compostos e maioritariamente espécies de água-doce. A bioconcentração é também insuficientemente considerada e raramente estudada em combinação com outras respostas biológicas, dificultando a conjugação entre concentração interna e efeitos observados. A estimativa da bioconcentração dos fármacos neuroativos através da sua lipofilicidade não é direta e depende de múltiplos fatores experimentais, o que dificulta a previsão de risco. Contudo, concentrações ambientais de nove fármacos neuroativos excedem ou estão próximas de concentrações que causam efeitos deletérios em peixes. Dados ambientais, com a deteção de até 28 fármacos neuroativos em águas superficiais e peixes, evidenciam a ubiquidade e diversidade destes compostos em estuários, sendo que o padrão de bioacumulação em sete espécies de peixes foi independente da lipofilicidade dos compostos, do uso do habitat ou do nível-trófico das espécies, com maior frequência e concentrações observadas no cérebro, seguido do fígado e músculo. Experiências de curta e longa exposição a fármacos neuroativos com duas espécies estuarinas/marinhas demonstraram a toxicidade de fármacos com diferentes modos-de-ação, revelando maior acumulação e toxicidade do fármaco neuroativo, fluoxetina, em comparação com outros fármacos frequentemente detetados. As respostas sub-individuais revelaram efeitos em processos essenciais (e.g. mecanismos antioxidantes, biotransformação, metabolismo energético), enquanto efeitos individuais de relevância ecológica (e.g. crescimento, comportamentos alimentares e locomotores) ocorreram após exposição crónica, ou aguda a concentrações mais elevadas. Em suma, novos conhecimentos relativos à presença, acumulação e efeitos da exposição em peixes, demonstram a necessidade de priorizar a investigação e monitorização dos fármacos neuroativos em ecossistemas costeiros.
Pharmaceutical contamination in coastal ecosystems is an emerging environmental issue, with neuroactive pharmaceuticals of particular concern as they bioaccumulate in non-target fish, affect the central nervous system and can trigger population-level effects. The presented outcomes disclose recent research efforts, revealing multiple adverse effects of exposure to neuroactive pharmaceuticals in fish, albeit skewed data concerning few neuroactive compounds and largely freshwater species exist. Moreover, bioconcentration is seldom considered and rarely determined in combination with other endpoints, hampering the link between internal dosage and effects. Also, estimating the bioconcentration of neuroactive pharmaceuticals through lipophilicity is not straightforward, depending on multiple experimental factors. Here, nine neuroactive compounds were signalled as potentially threatening in aquatic ecosystems due to environmental concentrations either exceeding or near thresholds known to significantly affect fish behaviour, growth and condition or reproduction. Up to 28 neuroactive pharmaceuticals were detected in estuarine surface waters and seven fish species demonstrating the diversity and pervasiveness of neuroactive compounds in both high and slightly impacted coastal ecosystems. Bioaccumulation among all species revealed no clear pattern linked to compounds lipophilicity, species habitat use or trophic level, with higher frequency and concentrations observed in the brain, followed by liver and muscle tissues. Acute and chronic exposure experiments with two estuarine/marine fish species evidenced the toxicity of three pharmaceuticals with different modes-of-action, highlighting higher uptake and toxicity of the neuroactive com-pound fluoxetine in comparison to other frequently detected compounds tested. Sub-individual measurements revealed effects on critical processes (e.g. antioxidant and biotransformation mechanisms, or energetic metabolism), whereas individual-level effects of higher ecological relevance (e.g. alterations to growth, feeding or activity behaviours) followed chronic exposure or acute exposure at higher concentrations. Overall, critical insights on environmental fate and exposure effects in fish are provided, highlighting the need for priority research and continuous monitoring of neuroactive pharmaceuticals in coastal ecosystems.
Pharmaceutical contamination in coastal ecosystems is an emerging environmental issue, with neuroactive pharmaceuticals of particular concern as they bioaccumulate in non-target fish, affect the central nervous system and can trigger population-level effects. The presented outcomes disclose recent research efforts, revealing multiple adverse effects of exposure to neuroactive pharmaceuticals in fish, albeit skewed data concerning few neuroactive compounds and largely freshwater species exist. Moreover, bioconcentration is seldom considered and rarely determined in combination with other endpoints, hampering the link between internal dosage and effects. Also, estimating the bioconcentration of neuroactive pharmaceuticals through lipophilicity is not straightforward, depending on multiple experimental factors. Here, nine neuroactive compounds were signalled as potentially threatening in aquatic ecosystems due to environmental concentrations either exceeding or near thresholds known to significantly affect fish behaviour, growth and condition or reproduction. Up to 28 neuroactive pharmaceuticals were detected in estuarine surface waters and seven fish species demonstrating the diversity and pervasiveness of neuroactive compounds in both high and slightly impacted coastal ecosystems. Bioaccumulation among all species revealed no clear pattern linked to compounds lipophilicity, species habitat use or trophic level, with higher frequency and concentrations observed in the brain, followed by liver and muscle tissues. Acute and chronic exposure experiments with two estuarine/marine fish species evidenced the toxicity of three pharmaceuticals with different modes-of-action, highlighting higher uptake and toxicity of the neuroactive com-pound fluoxetine in comparison to other frequently detected compounds tested. Sub-individual measurements revealed effects on critical processes (e.g. antioxidant and biotransformation mechanisms, or energetic metabolism), whereas individual-level effects of higher ecological relevance (e.g. alterations to growth, feeding or activity behaviours) followed chronic exposure or acute exposure at higher concentrations. Overall, critical insights on environmental fate and exposure effects in fish are provided, highlighting the need for priority research and continuous monitoring of neuroactive pharmaceuticals in coastal ecosystems.
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Poluição costeira Fármacos neuroativos Peixes estuarinos e marinhos Bioacumulação Toxicidade Coastal pollution Neuroactive pharmaceuticals Estuarine and marine fish Bio-accumulation Toxicity