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The use and abuse of cinnabar in Late Neolithic and Copper Age Iberia

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dc.contributor.authorEmslie, Steven D.
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Ana Maria
dc.contributor.authorValera, António
dc.contributor.authorVijande Vila, Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorMelo, Linda
dc.contributor.authorCurate, Francisco
dc.contributor.authorFidalgo, Daniel
dc.contributor.authorInácio, Nuno
dc.contributor.authorMolina Moreno, María
dc.contributor.authorCambra‐Moo, Oscar
dc.contributor.authorGonzález Martín, Armando
dc.contributor.authorBarroso‐Bermejo, Rosa
dc.contributor.authorMontero Artús, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorGarcía Sanjuán, Leonardo
dc.date.accessioned2023-03-29T09:57:08Z
dc.date.available2023-03-29T09:57:08Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractIn this study, total mercury (THg) was analyzed in archaeological human bone from 23 sites dating to between the Middle Neolithic and the Antiquity. A total of 370 individuals from individual or collective burials was sampled, mostly using cortical bone from the humerus. These individuals were recovered from over 50 different funerary structures ranging from tholoi, pits, caves, and hypogea. Although cinnabar (HgS) is a likely cause of mercury poisoning and toxicity for people exposed to this mineral from mining or use as a paint or pigment, not all sites investigated here had cinnabar associated with the burials or other excavated areas. We found unusual levels of THg in many of the sampled individuals that we assume were caused by exposure to cinnabar in life, and not by diagenetic processes or other exposures to mercury such as through diet, which would only cause negligible accumulation of THg in bone. Our data, based on the largest sampling ever undertaken on contamination of human bone through archaeological evidence, provide a baseline for additional research on cinnabar and its use in Prehistory. Moderate to high levels of THg in human bone are mainly associated with societies dating from the second half of the 4th to late 3rd millennia B.C. (Late Neolithic to Middle Chalcolithic) in southern Iberia. By the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, the use of cinnabar decreased significantly and became minimal or absent. The use and abuse of cinnabar appears to have been pervasive throughout the above-mentioned period and particularly between c. 2900–2300 B.C. This occurred in connection with the high symbolic and probably sacred value of the substance, which was sought after, traded, and extensively used in a variety of rituals and social practices.pt_PT
dc.description.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionpt_PT
dc.identifier.citationEmslie, S. D., Silva, A. M., Valera, A., Vijande Vila, E., Melo, L., Curate, F., Fidalgo, D., Inácio, N., Molina Moreno, M., Cambra‐Moo, O., González Martín, A., Barroso‐Bermejo, R., Montero Artús, R., & García Sanjuán, L. (2021). The use and abuse of cinnabar in Late Neolithic and Copper Age Iberia. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 32(1), 202-214. doi: 10.1002/oa.3056pt_PT
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3056pt_PT
dc.identifier.eissn1099-1212
dc.identifier.issn1047-482X
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10451/56885
dc.language.isoengpt_PT
dc.peerreviewedyespt_PT
dc.publisherWileypt_PT
dc.relationPGC2018-099405-B-100pt_PT
dc.relationHAR2017-82755-Ppt_PT
dc.relationHAR2016-78036-Ppt_PT
dc.relationHAR2016-74846-Ppt_PT
dc.relationHAR2017-83004-Ppt_PT
dc.relationSFRH/BD/130165/2017pt_PT
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oa.3056pt_PT
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/pt_PT
dc.subjectFunerary sitespt_PT
dc.subjectHuman cortical bonept_PT
dc.subjectLate Prehistorypt_PT
dc.subjectTotal mercurypt_PT
dc.subjectToxicitypt_PT
dc.titleThe use and abuse of cinnabar in Late Neolithic and Copper Age Iberiapt_PT
dc.typejournal article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage214pt_PT
oaire.citation.issue1pt_PT
oaire.citation.startPage202pt_PT
oaire.citation.titleInternational Journal of Osteoarchaeologypt_PT
oaire.citation.volume32pt_PT
person.familyNameSilva
person.familyNameFranco Inácio
person.givenNameAna Maria
person.givenNameNuno Miguel de
person.identifier.ciencia-idF21D-4659-29AB
person.identifier.orcid0000-0002-1912-6581
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-7152-677X
person.identifier.ridE-6281-2015
person.identifier.ridK-7610-2018
person.identifier.scopus-author-id55939389400
rcaap.rightsclosedAccesspt_PT
rcaap.typearticlept_PT
relation.isAuthorOfPublication2bd9c836-5465-4034-afd9-f3d50381488c
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationc492278e-8be7-414b-bd9e-7da34486b905
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery2bd9c836-5465-4034-afd9-f3d50381488c

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