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Coordenadas de uma realidade - refugiados climáticos - acertar no caminho
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Resumo(s)
Os impactos das alterações climáticas (AC), como a subida do nível médio do mar, as
secas e os fenómenos extremos, não dão tréguas - muito menos às populações vulneráveis
que vivem em territórios expostos às AC, onde são forçadas a abandonar casas e terras
para assegurar a sua sobrevivência.
Estas populações, cujo futuro é incerto nos seus habitats, sofrem de uma incerteza maior,
pois a comunidade internacional – a Organização das Nações Unidas e a Organização
Internacional para as Migrações -, não cedeu, até hoje, a aplicar-lhes o Estatuto dos
Refugiados, estabelecido pela Convenção de Viena de 1951, não os qualificando como
refugiados.
A definição de refugiados ambientais, incluindo a subcategoria de refugiados climáticos,
tem sido, ao longo de décadas, objecto de um debate aceso e inconclusivo na doutrina.
No cerne da discussão está a aplicação, ou não, do Estatuto dos Refugiados a essas
pessoas.
Na verdade, a razão que move estas populações resulta de uma impossibilidade de
permanência nos locais onde residem, dada a exposição elevada dos seus territórios aos
impactos das AC. Estas deslocações forçadas emergem da relação das pessoas com um
determinado território, e não de um problema relacionado com o próprio indivíduo –como
ser perseguido em virtude da sua raça, religião, nacionalidade, filiação em certo grupo
social ou das suas opiniões políticas.
A inconsistência da dimensão pessoal na definição dos conceitos de refugiado ambiental
e de refugiado climático, e a defesa de uma dimensão estruturante territorial dos mesmos
é a base da proposta deste trabalho. Trata-se de sair do impasse actual sobre a aplicação
do Estatuto do Refugiado e encontrar um quadro de protecção assente na responsabilidade
dos Estados e na cooperação internacional, através do instituto da realocação, no âmbito
da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas para as Alterações Climáticas (CQNUAC).
E tudo isso passa por uma mudança de paradigma sobre a qualificação a reconhecer a
estas vítimas.
The impacts of climate change (CC), such as the rising sea levels, droughts and other extreme climate events give no rest to vulnerable populations who live in territories which are exposed to CC, where they are forced to leave homes and counties to ensure their survival. Many of these populations, whose future is uncertain, also suffer from greater insecurity since the international community such as the United Nations and the International Organization for Migration, which was established by the 1951 Vienna Convention, have not yet applied the Statute of Refugees which would give them refugee status. The definition of environmental refugees, including the subcategory of climate refugees, has for decades been the subject of fierce and inconclusive debates in doctrine. The principal point of the discussion is the application, or not, of the Refugee Statute to these people. In fact, the reason that motivates these people to emigrate results from the impossibility of staying in the places where they live - given the high exposure of their regions to the impacts of CC. These forced displacements emerge from people’s relationship with a given region, and not from a problem related to the individual - being persecuted because of their race, religion, nationality, affiliation to a certain social group or their political opinions. The inconsistency in the definition of the personal dimension of the environmental refugees and climate refugees, and also the discussion of regional structuring dimension is the basis of the proposal in this thesis. Unblocking of the impasse in the application of the Refugee Statute and finding a protection framework based on the responsibility of States and international cooperation, through the institute of relocation, within of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is imperative to change the focus of the classification to recognize these victims.
The impacts of climate change (CC), such as the rising sea levels, droughts and other extreme climate events give no rest to vulnerable populations who live in territories which are exposed to CC, where they are forced to leave homes and counties to ensure their survival. Many of these populations, whose future is uncertain, also suffer from greater insecurity since the international community such as the United Nations and the International Organization for Migration, which was established by the 1951 Vienna Convention, have not yet applied the Statute of Refugees which would give them refugee status. The definition of environmental refugees, including the subcategory of climate refugees, has for decades been the subject of fierce and inconclusive debates in doctrine. The principal point of the discussion is the application, or not, of the Refugee Statute to these people. In fact, the reason that motivates these people to emigrate results from the impossibility of staying in the places where they live - given the high exposure of their regions to the impacts of CC. These forced displacements emerge from people’s relationship with a given region, and not from a problem related to the individual - being persecuted because of their race, religion, nationality, affiliation to a certain social group or their political opinions. The inconsistency in the definition of the personal dimension of the environmental refugees and climate refugees, and also the discussion of regional structuring dimension is the basis of the proposal in this thesis. Unblocking of the impasse in the application of the Refugee Statute and finding a protection framework based on the responsibility of States and international cooperation, through the institute of relocation, within of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is imperative to change the focus of the classification to recognize these victims.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Alterações climáticas Refugiados climáticos Realocação Cooperação internacional Responsabilidade dos Estados