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Francisco de Melo (1490-1536) foi o mais importante matemático português da geração anterior a Pedro Nunes. Os factos que justificam este julgamento têm crescido de forma significativa nos últimos anos, seja devido a estudos biográficos que sobre ele se fizeram, seja pelo aparecimento de nova documentação primária. Enquanto professor da Universidade de Paris, Melo escreveu diversos comentários a obras de matemáticos antigos, incluindo a Óptica e a Catóptrica de Euclides e um pequeno tratado de hidrostática durante muito tempo atribuído a Arquimedes (Sobre os objectos que caem em líquidos). Estes comentários, escritos em latim, sobrevivem em dois manuscritos (Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal – COD 2262; Stadtarchiv Stralsund – HS 0767), e constituem as suas únicas obras de matemática sobreviventes. No seu conjunto, elas apresentam características notáveis. Melo reformulou as demonstrações, acrescentando corolários, lemas e remissões constantes para outras obras de Euclides (Elementos ou Dados); eliminou ou substituiu argumentos obscuros ou controversos; clarificou a estrutura lógica dos tratados originais; enriqueceu os conteúdos puramente matemáticos com pontuais, mas pertinentes, reflexões de teor filosófico. Os seus textos representam uma das primeiras tentativas de interpretação de textos ligados a Euclides e Arquimedes do Renascimento europeu, revelando um autor envolvido em alguns dos mais importantes problemas científicos do seu tempo e profundamente comprometido com o programa renascentista de reinterpretação dos textos matemáticos antigos. Isto faz com que nenhuma caracterização do “humanismo quinhentista português” que aspire a ser completa possa prescindir desta figura eminente e dos seus trabalhos matemáticos. Neste artigo realçamos os principais traços intelectuais da sua obra matemática.
Francisco de Melo (c. 1490-1536) was the most important Portuguese mathematician before Pedro Nunes. This assertion is justified by the discovery of new primary sources and biographical studies written on him in the last years. As a professor at the University of Paris, Melo wrote several commentaries on mathematical works of ancient authors, including Euclid’s Optics and Catoptrics and (Pseudo)-Archimedes’ treatise on hydrostatic matters titled On Weights. These commentaries, written in Latin, are still extant in two manuscripts (National Library of Portugal – COD 2262; Stadtarchiv Stralsund – HS 0767) and constitute what remains of his mathematical works. They present remarkable characteristics. Melo reformulated the demonstrations, added corollaries, lemmas and quotations of other Euclidean works (Elements, Data), substituted obscure or polemic arguments, clarified the deductive structure of the original treatises, and included philosophical arguments of his own. His texts constitute one of the first attempts to interpret Euclidean and Archimedean texts in the Renaissance; they also reveal an author aware of the most important scientific problems of his time and deeply committed to the Renaissance program of reinterpretation of ancient mathematical texts. This is why a study on Portuguese Humanism should include an analysis of his works. In this article, we present the main intellectual characteristics of his mathematical achievements.
Francisco de Melo (c. 1490-1536) was the most important Portuguese mathematician before Pedro Nunes. This assertion is justified by the discovery of new primary sources and biographical studies written on him in the last years. As a professor at the University of Paris, Melo wrote several commentaries on mathematical works of ancient authors, including Euclid’s Optics and Catoptrics and (Pseudo)-Archimedes’ treatise on hydrostatic matters titled On Weights. These commentaries, written in Latin, are still extant in two manuscripts (National Library of Portugal – COD 2262; Stadtarchiv Stralsund – HS 0767) and constitute what remains of his mathematical works. They present remarkable characteristics. Melo reformulated the demonstrations, added corollaries, lemmas and quotations of other Euclidean works (Elements, Data), substituted obscure or polemic arguments, clarified the deductive structure of the original treatises, and included philosophical arguments of his own. His texts constitute one of the first attempts to interpret Euclidean and Archimedean texts in the Renaissance; they also reveal an author aware of the most important scientific problems of his time and deeply committed to the Renaissance program of reinterpretation of ancient mathematical texts. This is why a study on Portuguese Humanism should include an analysis of his works. In this article, we present the main intellectual characteristics of his mathematical achievements.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Francisco de Melo Euclides Óptica Geometria Euclid Optics Geometry
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Mota, Bernardo; Leitão, Henrique, “Francisco de Melo: entre renascimento matemático e humanismo”, in Cristina Pimentel, Sebastião Tavares de Pinho, Maria Luísa Resende, Madalena Brito, Margarida Miranda (eds.), O Humanismo Português e Europeu no 5º centenário de Cícero Lusitanus: Dom Jerónimo Osório (1515-1580), Coimbra, IUC, 2020, pp. 57-67. Disponível aqui: https://doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-1932-3
Editora
Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, Centro de Estudos Clássicos da Universidade de Lisboa
