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Postscript: The Intellectual Origins of European Integration
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It is hard to overstate the degree to which the First World War disordered
the international system. It materially, irreversibly altered the principal
structures that had defined the nineteenth century global order: the distribution
of power within and between the rival empires; the relations
between classes within and across societies; and the relationship between
states and markets more generally. This alone was a cataclysm virtually
without precedent in human history. And, yet, it was only the beginning
of the end of the First Era of Globalisation. Among those structures that
did manage to survive the Great War, most were hollowed by the Great
Depression and laid waste by the Second World War. Yet, at the same time, the shattered order created space for new actors
and new ideas to come to the fore. Women, working people and others
from the “peripheries” within and across Europe’s imperial orders pressed
themselves upon the global stage, exerting more influence than ever
before. In that sense the twentieth century’s Great Destabilisation was
not merely destructive but also generative. It generated new models, new
sensibilities and new approaches advanced by new people from unconventional
perspectives and backgrounds. Seldom was there better cause
for collective soul-searching; and seldom has there been richer, and more
diverse, inquiry into the nature and causes of global order.
The interwar period was thus one of the most challenging, but also
one of the most innovative, periods in modern history. To be sure, some
of the “new” forms and ideas, like fascism, were abhorrent—exceeded in
their intellectual bankruptcy only by their practical brutality. But others,
like the many varieties of socialism, were varied in their design and
execution. Some such experiments, like those in Bolshevik Russia, proved
immensely disappointing—all the more so because others, like those in
Labour’s Britain, had demonstrated such great promise. And, of course,
the stalwart liberal orthodoxy was itself wholly reinvented and given new
births in a wide range of forms, from John Dewey’s “new liberalism” to
the Germans’ ordoliberalism (Dewey 1935, 12).
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Contexto Educativo
Citação
J. A. Morrison, J. L. Cardoso (2021). Postscript: The IntellectualOrigins of European Integration. In A. M. Cunha and C. E. Suprinyak (eds.), Political Economy and International Order in Interwar Europe (Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought), pp. 403-422 (First Online: 27 October 2020) Palgrave Macmillan.
Editora
Palgrave Macmillan