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Desde que o conceito Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) se tornou uma realidade em 2006, tem sido reforçada a legislação no que toca ao desempenho energético dos edifícios. Assim, segundo a Diretiva 2010/31/EU, relativamente ao desempenho energético dos edifícios, após 2020 todos os novos edifícios terão de ser construídos segundo as normas NZEB´s. Para tal, é prioritário ter um balanço de energia anual quase nulo (produção de energia praticamente igual ao consumo de energia). Porém, edifícios que utilizam fontes de energias renováveis (como fotovoltaico, PV) para fazer face à necessidade de energia, poderão consumir mais ou menos energia da rede elétrica dependendo do tipo de clima em que se encontrem inseridos. Para contornar essas variabilidades entre o consumo e a produção de energia, diversos mecanismos de gestão e conservação de energia do edifício tem vindo a ser estudados. Um dos mecanismos de gestão e conservação de energia quem tem vindo a ser estudado nos últimos anos é a flexibilidade de energia do edifício. Essa flexibilidade é a capacidade do edifício se adaptar às necessidades energéticas da rede elétrica. Para que essa adaptação seja eficiente e possível, é condição que o edifício seja construído de acordo com as características climáticas do local onde está inserido, bem como, a utilização de equipamentos e iluminação elétrica eficientes. Edifícios com produção local de energia PV, durante períodos de nebulosidade reduz a produção PV, e existe a necessidade de consumir energia da rede elétrica durante estes períodos para manter as condições interiores inalteradas. No entanto, existe a possibilidade de conjugar estes períodos de nebulosidade com períodos de flexibilidade, de forma a reduzir o consumo de energia do edifício sem comprometer o conforto térmico. É esta conjugação que é investigada nesta tese.
Assim, a presente dissertação surge no contexto da necessidade de adoção de estratégias de flexibilidade de energia em edifícios, sem que para tal, o conforto térmico dos ocupantes seja afetado. Para tal, foi identificado e caracterizado períodos de nebulosidade do estado de Oregon, EUA, e três cenários com diferentes massas térmicas internas foram criados. O primeiro cenário representa um escritório com uma massa térmica interna leve, o segundo cenário representa um escritório com uma massa térmica interna típica e o terceiro cenário representa um escritório com uma massa térmica interna pesada. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que é possível utilizar no máximo período de nuvem com um tempo de 60 minutos, 95 minutos, e 135 minutos respetivamente, com uma redução máxima prevista de consumo de energia elétrica dedicado ao AVAC (Aquecimento, Ventilação e Ar-condicionado) de 16.2 Wh/m2, 21.9 Wh/m2 e 27.6 Wh/m2, respetivamente. A maioria dos períodos de nebulosidade tem uma duração entre 5-20 minutos, portanto a maioria das ocorrências de períodos de nebulosidade durante eventos de flexibilidade podem ser resolvidos a maioria das vezes sem causar desconforto térmico.
Since the Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept became a reality in 2006, legislation regarding the energy performance of buildings has been strengthened. Thus, according to Directive 2010/31/EU, on the energy performance of buildings, after 2020 all new buildings must be built as NZEB’s. For this, it is a priority to have almost zero annual energy balance (energy production almost equal to energy consumption). However, buildings that use energy sources such as PV, may consume more or less energy from the electricity grid, depending on the climate they are located. To circumvent these variabilities between energy consumption and production, several energy management and conservations mechanisms in the building have been studied. One of the energy management and conservation mechanisms that has been studied in recent years, is the energy flexibility of the building, this flexibility is the building’s ability to adapt to the energy needs of the power grid. For this, it is a condition that building is constructed according to the climatic characteristics of the place where it is located, as well as the use of efficient equipment and lighting. Buildings with local PV energy production, during periods of cloudiness, reduce PV production, and there is a need to consume energy from the electricity grid during these periods to keep indoor conditions unchanged. However, there is the possibility of combining these periods of cloudiness with periods of flexibility, in order to reduce the building’s energy consumption without compromising thermal comfort. It is this conjugation that is investigated in this thesis. Thus, this thesis arises in the context of the need to adopt strategies for flexibility of energy consumption in buildings, without affecting the thermal comfort of the occupants. For this purpose, periods of cloudiness of the state of Oregon, USA, were identified and characterized, and three scenarios with different internal thermal masses were created. The first scenario represents a light office configuration with a light internal thermal mass, the second scenario represents a typical office configuration, and the third scenario represents a heavy mass office configuration with a heavy internal thermal mass. The results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to use a maximum period of cloud with a time of 60 minutes, 95 minutes, and 135 minutes respectively, with a maximum expected reduction in energy consumption dedicated to HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) of 16.2 Wh/m2, 21.9 Wh/m2 and 27.6 Wh/m2, respectively. Most cloudiness periods last between 5-20 minutes, so most cloudiness events during flexibility events can be resolved most of time without causing thermal discomfort.
Since the Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) concept became a reality in 2006, legislation regarding the energy performance of buildings has been strengthened. Thus, according to Directive 2010/31/EU, on the energy performance of buildings, after 2020 all new buildings must be built as NZEB’s. For this, it is a priority to have almost zero annual energy balance (energy production almost equal to energy consumption). However, buildings that use energy sources such as PV, may consume more or less energy from the electricity grid, depending on the climate they are located. To circumvent these variabilities between energy consumption and production, several energy management and conservations mechanisms in the building have been studied. One of the energy management and conservation mechanisms that has been studied in recent years, is the energy flexibility of the building, this flexibility is the building’s ability to adapt to the energy needs of the power grid. For this, it is a condition that building is constructed according to the climatic characteristics of the place where it is located, as well as the use of efficient equipment and lighting. Buildings with local PV energy production, during periods of cloudiness, reduce PV production, and there is a need to consume energy from the electricity grid during these periods to keep indoor conditions unchanged. However, there is the possibility of combining these periods of cloudiness with periods of flexibility, in order to reduce the building’s energy consumption without compromising thermal comfort. It is this conjugation that is investigated in this thesis. Thus, this thesis arises in the context of the need to adopt strategies for flexibility of energy consumption in buildings, without affecting the thermal comfort of the occupants. For this purpose, periods of cloudiness of the state of Oregon, USA, were identified and characterized, and three scenarios with different internal thermal masses were created. The first scenario represents a light office configuration with a light internal thermal mass, the second scenario represents a typical office configuration, and the third scenario represents a heavy mass office configuration with a heavy internal thermal mass. The results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to use a maximum period of cloud with a time of 60 minutes, 95 minutes, and 135 minutes respectively, with a maximum expected reduction in energy consumption dedicated to HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) of 16.2 Wh/m2, 21.9 Wh/m2 and 27.6 Wh/m2, respectively. Most cloudiness periods last between 5-20 minutes, so most cloudiness events during flexibility events can be resolved most of time without causing thermal discomfort.
Descrição
Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia da Energia e do Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2021
Palavras-chave
Flexibilidade de energia em edifícios Períodos de nebulosidade Massa térmica interna Conforto térmico Consumo de energia dedicado ao AVAC Teses de mestrado - 2021
