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Epigenetics drive the evolution of sex chromosomes in animals and plants
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Orientador(es)
Resumo(s)
We review how epigenetics affect sex chromosome evolution in animals and
plants. In a few species, sex is determined epigenetically through the action
of Y-encoded small RNAs. Epigenetics is also responsible for changing the
sex of individuals through time, even in species that carry sex chromosomes,
and could favour species adaptation through breeding system plasticity. The
Y chromosome accumulates repeats that become epigenetically silenced
which leads to an epigenetic conflict with the expression of Y genes and
could accelerate Y degeneration. Y heterochromatin can be lost through
ageing, which activates transposable elements and lowers male longevity.
Y chromosome degeneration has led to the evolution of meiotic sex chromosome
inactivation in eutherians (placentals) and marsupials, and dosage
compensation mechanisms in animals and plants. X-inactivation convergently
evolved in eutherians and marsupials via two independently
evolved non-coding RNAs. In Drosophila, male X upregulation by the male
specific lethal (MSL) complex can spread to neo-X chromosomes through
the transposition of transposable elements that carry an MSL-binding
motif. We discuss similarities and possible differences between plants and
animals and suggest future directions for this dynamic field of research.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘How does epigenetics influence the
course of evolution?’
Descrição
Palavras-chave
meiotic sex chromosome inactivation Y degeneration Y toxicity X chromosome inactivation X upregulation imprinting
Contexto Educativo
Citação
Muyle A, Bachtrog D, Marais, GAB, Turner JMA. 2021 Epigenetics drive the evolution of sex chromosomes in animals and plants. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 376: 20200124
Editora
royal society publishing