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Impacts of climate change on cephalopods
Publication . Borges, Francisco; Rosa, Rui Afonso Bairrão da
The global Ocean is absorbing excessive atmospheric heat energy and carbon dioxide, and the resulting physicochemical changes are significantly impacting marine life at different levels of biological organization worldwide. Among marine species, cephalopods are renowned for their high phenotypic flexibility and consequent environmental plasticity. These characteristics have led the scientific community to consider them as potential “winners” of the race to adapt to the novel conditions. However, a growing body of research has gradually revealed the potentially deleterious impacts of the deadly trio – i.e., ocean warming (OW), acidification (OA), and deoxygenation – in this invertebrate group. In this context, this dissertation presents an overview of the current status of cephalopod research regarding climate change. The first chapter includes an introduction on the drivers of marine climate change, with an overview of research regarding the deadly trio in marine ecology. The second chapter presents the first quantitative meta-analysis on the effects of OW and OA on cephalopods -across lineages, life stages, climates, and biological responses – highlighting existing knowledge gaps for this group. In chapter three, a novel framework of species-level risk assessment developed for elasmobranchs is applied to coastal octopuses, producing the first risk assessment of a group of cephalopods at a global scale. In chapter four, species distribution models are applied to the six (currently accepted) species of the Octopus vulgaris species complex, highlighting the differential biogeographical impacts of marine climate change. Finally, chapter five integrates results and conclusions of the previous chapters with the currently accepted extinction risk level and knowledge of major threats for the cephalopod group by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), while at the same time conducting an in-depth analysis of the existing knowledge gaps and future directions for cephalopod research in general, and specifically for octopuses.
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Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
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OE
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SFRH/BD/147294/2019