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- Antidepressants in a changing ocean: Venlafaxine uptake and elimination in juvenile fish (Argyrosomus regius) exposed to warming and acidification conditionsPublication . Luísa Maulvault, Ana; Santos, Lúcia H.M.L.M.; Camacho, Carolina; Anacleto, Patrícia; Barbosa, Vera; Alves, Ricardo; Pousão Ferreira, Pedro; Serra-Compte, Albert; Barceló, Damià; Rodriguez-Mozaz, Sara; Rosa, Rui; Diniz, Mário S.; Marques, AntónioThe presence of antidepressants, such as venlafaxine (VFX), in marine ecosystems is increasing, thus, potentially posing ecological and human health risks. The inherent mechanisms of VFX uptake and elimination still require further understanding, particularly accounting for the impact of climate change-related stressors, such as warming and acidification. Hence, the present work aimed to investigate, for the first time, the effects of increased seawater temperature (ΔT°C = +5 °C) and pCO2 levels (ΔpCO2 ∼1000 μatm, equivalent to ΔpH = -0.4 units) on the uptake and elimination of VFX in biological tissues (muscle, liver, brain) and plasma of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius) exposed to VFX through two different exposure pathways (via water, i.e. [VFX ] ∼20 μg L-1, and via feed, i.e. [VFX] ∼160 μg kg-1 dry weight, dw). Overall, results showed that VFX can be uptaken by fish through both water and diet. Fish liver exhibited the highest VFX concentration (126.7 ± 86.5 μg kg-1 and 6786.4 ± 1176.7 μg kg-1 via feed and water exposures, respectively), as well as the highest tissue:plasma concentration ratio, followed in this order by brain and muscle, regardless of exposure route. Both warming and acidification decreased VFX uptake in liver, although VFX uptake in brain was favoured under warming conditions. Conversely, VFX elimination in liver was impaired by both stressors, particularly when acting simultaneously. The distinct patterns of VFX uptake and elimination observed in the different scenarios calls for a better understanding of the effects of exposure route and abiotic conditions on emerging contaminants' toxicokinetics.
- Bioaccumulation and elimination of mercury in juvenile seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in a warmer environmentPublication . Maulvault, Ana Luísa; Custódio, Ana; Anacleto, Patrícia; Repolho, Tiago; Pousão, Pedro; Nunes, Maria Leonor; Diniz, Mário; Rosa, Rui; Marques, AntónioWarming is an expected impact of climate change that will affect coastal areas in the future. These areas are also subjected to strong anthropogenic pressures leading to chemical contamination. Yet, the consequences of both factors for marine ecosystems, biota and consumers are still unknown. The present work aims to investigate, for the first time, the effect of temperature increase on bioaccumulation and elimination of mercury [(total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg)] in three tissues (muscle, liver, and brain) of a commercially important seafood species - European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fish were exposed to the ambient temperature currently used in seabass rearing (18°C) and to the expected ocean warming (+4°C, i.e. 22°C), as well as dietary MeHg during 28 days, followed by a depuration period of 28 days fed with a control diet. In both temperature exposures, higher MeHg contents were observed in the brain, followed by the muscle and liver. Liver registered the highest elimination percentages (EF; up to 64% in the liver, 20% in the brain, and 3% in the muscle). Overall, the results clearly indicate that a warming environment promotes MeHg bioaccumulation in all tissues (e.g. highest levels in brain: 8.1mg kg-1 ww at 22°C against 6.2mg kg-1 ww at 18°C after 28 days of MeHg exposure) and hampers MeHg elimination (e.g. liver EF decreases after 28 days of depuration: from 64.2% at 18°C to 50.3% at 22°C). These findings suggest that seafood safety may be compromised in a warming context, particularly for seafood species with contaminant concentrations close to the current regulatory levels. Hence, results point out the need to strengthen research in this area and to revise and/or adapt the current recommendations regarding human exposure to chemical contaminants through seafood consumption, in order to integrate the expected effects of climate change.